The political costs of policy coherence: Constructing a rural policy for Scotland, Distribution, regulation, redistribution: The functions of government, Interest groups and public policy: The insider/outsider model revisited, Policy coherence and componentdriven policymaking: Arctic policy in Canada and the United States, Policy capacities for effective policy designs: A revuew. Another way to expand on the typology of agenda-setting instruments is to link it to the discussion of high versus low-cost strategies, developed by Cobb and Ross (Citation1997). [79] state that the PASE lead to the inclusion of important societal topics that may otherwise have been neglected by researchers. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, pp 157177, Durn JM, Pirtle Z (2020) Epistemic standards for participatory technology assessment: suggestions based upon well-ordered science. This topical collections contributions elaborate factors instrumental in limiting both the uptake of PASE results into the political arena as well as their impact, i.e. As a result, and under the header of responsible research and innovation (RRI), there have been calls in the European Union and beyond for research and innovation (R&I) to orient itself more strongly towards societal needs, demands, and preferences. And this leads to pondering over, again, the most important limiting factor: political appreciation of results and a will to implement democratic STI governance, emphasising the importance of both gatekeepers roles at the margins as well as central political actors. Modern sciences relationship with the public during the past century up until the present can roughly be divided into three distinct paradigmatic phases: science literacy (1960s onwards), public understanding (after 1985) and science and society (1990s to present) [22]. Here, mutual learning is built on a common understanding of an issue and a prerequisite for meaningful deliberations in participatory agenda setting [53]. This shows that expert takeovers in citizen involvement processes can contribute to a loss of authenticity [89]. The first two paradigms were characterised by attributing knowledge and attitude deficiencies to the public, rendering it incapable of understanding science, with the result of limited appreciation for and raising fears of science (and technology). foresight, or public actors such as non-governmental organisations (NGOs), may benefit from increased attention towards reflexivity and transparency of inherent normativity. [37] review the most discussed issues in deliberative democracy within the political and social sciences, and demonstrate, amongst others, that deliberation: (a) is a realistic endeavour (responding to criticism of being utopian), being implemented within and outside governmental institutions; (b) is essential to any democratic process; (c) is more than discussion and involves multiple sorts of communication; (d) can curtail elitist domination of policy; (e) does not primarily aim at consensus; however, (f) mitigates group polarisation and thus applies to deeply divided societies. Whilst all PASE exercises explored in this topical collection had other primary aims, successful science communication was noted in some of the cases. Mukherjee et al., Citation2021), is to consider the types of policy mixes deployed in advancing strategies presented in Table 1. 3099067 SAGE Publications Ltd, London, pp 4483, Lash S, Beck U, Giddens A (1994) Reflexive modernization: politics, tradition and aesthetics in the modern social order. We know that events may well propel an issue onto the agenda, and, again, we can expect instruments to be deployed to bring these into a manageable mode. Dedicating time and space to the development of interaction is also contingent upon the availability of resources, and influences the development of relationships between groups, especially where competing agendas are supported and receive targeted attention and funding [81]. [85] show that several research questions emerged during the PASE, which were previously largely ignored by health research, whilst Matschoss et al. While comparativists see the former as associated with pluralist and the latter corporatist systems (see Lijphart, Citation1999), others have argued that both styles of policymaking operate in all liberal democratic countries irrespective of system-level or institutional differences (Atkinson & Coleman, Citation1989; Cairney, Citation2018). Public Philos Democ Edu 5(2):2950, Mayring P (2014) Qualitative content analysis: theoretical foundation, basic procedures and software solution. Supporting data can be found in the annex of the manuscript. A qualitative content analysis was performed by assigning categories to text passages as a qualitative-interpretative act, following content-analytical rule [76] to analyse content and contextual meaning of text passages [77]. PDF Garbage Can Models: Multiple Stream Theory - GEOCITIES.ws Technol Forecast Soc Chang 75(4):483495. agenda setting theory and noted that media influence, on which agenda setting theory focuses, was correlated with public attention to issues. Third, our approach adopts a version of institutionalised politics where organised interests seek to engage government. The principal mechanisms that give effect to building consensus is acknowledgement and engagement. J Innov Entrep 1(1):2. https://doi.org/10.1186/2192-5372-1-2, Bauer MW, Allum N, Miller S (2007) What can we learn from 25 years of PUS survey research? EuropeanCommission. For instance, a government may seek to lock in regular reviews on statutory authorities with representation from key client groups in order to ensure their favoured issue agenda remains entrenched (even after they leave government). Introduction. The author read and approved the final manuscript. Schroth et al. It includes contributions from several disciplines and interdisciplines as well as adjacent fields, including futures studies, foresight, technology assessment (TA), science and technology studies (STS), design and innovation management. Increasing sciences responsiveness to society is a main pillar of RRI (Stilgoe, [91]) and a primary aim of most PASE activities since responsiveness can be reached, in terms of upstream engagement, by translating societal needs and values into research agendas [43, 71]. Enhancing reflexivity is an often-mentioned benefit of PASE activities. Engaging with such themes would engender a more sophisticated understanding on the efficacy of specific types of instruments (e.g. We might expect this to occur after an election that brings with it a change of government, or in areas where their manifesto pledges are critical to re-election. Establishing and deepening networks between various actor groups can be a primary task of PASE activities, for instance when common concerns are addressed and mutual trust is built [84]. https://doi.org/10.1177/0162243917752865, Stilgoe J, Lock SJ, Wilsdon J (2014) Why should we promote public engagement with science? Yet, consistent with the recent observations (see Cairney, Citation2018), these are not essentially at loggerheads, but in fact can be two styles that co-exist within the same system, or even the same issue space at different times. This instrument can be partial. It is a reasonable assumption to make that tools to manage policy demands vary in their complexity (e.g. Some fields actively foster PE activities, for instance space research [59]. This section presents results of the qualitative content analysis that examined and clustered factors influencing limits and benefits of the PASE activities that authors report in this topical collection. The modest contribution here has been to think of ways that the vast array of practices deployed by government to manage policy demands assuming that limited time, resources and attention, mean that they will ideally seek to filter out some demands might be systematically organized. Combining these dimensions can become a transformative ingredient of responsibilisation of actors and institutions in R&I systems [15]. Current governance of science, technology and innovation (STI) faces tough challenges to meet demands arising from complex issues such as societal challenges or targets, e.g. The literature has identified that groups may well pursue such an approach when they are denied inside access, lack standing or status with policymakers, or hold views or purposes which policymakers simply cannot abide (see discussion in Maloney, Jordan, & McLaughlin, Citation1994). This paper focuses on the tools available to government to manage these demands. Klagenfurt, Hsieh H-F, Shannon SE (2005) Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Recent empirical evidence from comparing citizen-driven STI agenda setting with expert-based foresight studies strengthens this claim [73, 74]. Table 1. Health Policy 91(3):219228. [85] state that a better alignment with societal values and demands is essential to gaining more democratic legitimacy, beyond expert- or technology-driven processes. Quantitative data, modelling and qualitative storytelling helped to make complex phenomena visible and understandable for public actors [81]. I believe that there is just a thin line between framing and agenda setting. Agenda-setting is a vital element of the study of public policy. Google Scholar. Yet, imposition is often swiftly followed up by efforts at (re)building policy communities anew (Halpin, Citation2002). These specific points can be mapped more generally onto the way government might approach managing its agenda. Participatory technology assessment (pTA) specifically aimed at strengthening inclusive deliberation on emerging technologies and STI agendas [8, 9], whilst foresight, and here especially horizon scanning activities with participatory elements, focussed early on the potential of stakeholder engagement for on identifying new topics for STI governance [10,11,12,13]. Agenda-setting instruments: means and strategies for the management of https://doi.org/10.4018/jsesd.2010010105, Miller K, McAdam R, McAdam M (2018b) A systematic literature review of university technology transfer from a quadruple helix perspective: toward a research agenda. Stanford University Press, Stanford, Jasanoff S (2003) Technologies of humility: citizen participation in governing science. [82] state that challenges of the investigated rural areas were translated into political and scientific problems, delivering a product that can be integrated into national research and local development agendas. Foresight 18(3):193203. Sustain Sci 7(S1):2543. Policy Stream: Institute of Technology Assessment, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Apostelgasse 23, 1030, Vienna, Austria, You can also search for this author in https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-019-00361-w, Sand M (2019) On not having a future. Sci Eng Ethics 26(2):533574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-020-00211-7, Peter M, Diektter T, Kremer K (2019) Participant outcomes of biodiversity citizen science projects: a systematic literature review. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963662515620970, Lee CW (2014) Do-it-yourself democracy: the rise of the public engagement industry. Against this background, the participatory turn took place in science, and the governance of science and technology underwent reforms towards more and discursive engagement activities [25]. This current topical collection collects theoretical contributions as well as empirical papers regarding cases and methods of participatory agenda setting activities to map international progress in this upcoming field of research and practice. Matschoss et al. The merit is that it provides people with information, while the demerit is that this information is biased. Participatory agenda setting on the test bed. However, when government is operating in an impositional policy style, these instruments may be less useful. That is, for example, to consider under what specific conditions do governments rely on an imposition rather than a consensus-based approach to managing policy demands. Georghiou L, Cassingena Harper J (2011) From priority-setting to articulation of demand: foresight for research and innovation policy and strategy. In addition, while organised interests are (rightly) considered the chief purveyors of policy demands, not all or even most such organizations are dedicated to policy advocacy. Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Eur J Futur Res 8(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40309-020-00164-x, Bauer A, Kastenhofer K (2019) Policy advice in technology assessment: shifting roles, principles and boundaries. amabilson: Strengths and Weaknesses of the Agenda SettingTheory - Blogger For example, non-discretionary spending of the federal government in the United States has increased from 26% in 1969 to about 70% in recent years (Congressional Budget Office, Citation2020). Agenda setting uses the theory of accessibility when deciding what stories to run, how often to run them, and where to place them. Matschoss et al. the organisers agency or normativity, unreflected power relations within or insufficient inclusiveness of the process, a lack of skills and resources as well as inadequate quality of the results. Here are some prominent advantages of agenda-setting: Generates awareness: Agenda-setting can be beneficial as it highlights important societal issues by actively discussing them. This deficit model has been much critiqued and resulted in the third paradigm of a rather equal science and society relation. Science and Public Policy, Pratt B, Merritt M, Hyder AA (2016) Towards deep inclusion for equity-oriented health research priority-setting: a working model. Soc Sci Med 151:215224. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. The concluding discussion speaks to the strengths of the proposed typology, and to points an agenda on advancing the scholarship on agenda-setting tools. First, as briefly mentioned in the introduction, most of these tools are focussed on the implementation stage of the policy process. Here, another addition may be the issue of capacity building, an often underrated effect of public engagement (PE) activities [34]. Extending the policy instruments approach to agenda-setting is a worthy endeavour, which creates additional opportunities for developing systematic insights into the way government goes about managing demands to recognise issues as public, and thereafter to give them attention. J Environ Stud Sci 7(1):5368. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co, KG. Health Res Policy Syst 16(1):79. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12961-018-0352-7, Mitton C, Smith N, Peacock S, Evoy B, Abelson J (2009) Public participation in health care priority setting: a scoping review. Methods and methodologies continue to evolve, not only driven by countless activities and actors on several levels, from local to global, but also topic-wise from single technologies to engaging with questions of macro-level governance. the use of sunset clauses vis--vis statutory reviews) and has implications on how governments elect to manage policy demands. Here, they describe the organisers of PASE as non-neutral actors who exercise agency when they translate and transfer issues into respective networks and agendas. This suggests that government efforts at managing agenda-setting are not contending with a highly skilled cadre of interest groups, but often a gaggle of the temporarily mobilised. Within the last decade, however, the quadruple helix, adding the public as an additional factor, has gained importance [19, 20] and is being further refined by accepting the established socio-ecological necessities of the twenty-first century by adding natural environments as major driver for knowledge production and innovation [21]. Such a goal is shared by the open science initiative which has been unfolding for the past decade, aiming at increasing sciences responsiveness to public needs amongst other things [65]. Public Underst Sci 13(1):5574. These are the boundaries in between which researchers later navigate. PE in the natural sciences often comes in form of citizen science, which primarily focusses on science communication or the involvement in data collection [60, 61]. Providing these types of knowledge has long been reserved for a small and privileged group of actors. Futures 43(2):142148. The theory is important in agenda setting because of the. Sci Public Policy 39(2):135139. Hinrichs and Johnston [81] assess two PASE exercises for future-oriented education and health governance taking place within a specifically designed workshop space (the decision theatre), aimed at fostering informed decision-making. Examples of these are tools such as consultations, working groups or consultative committees. Other communication theories that can also gain benefit from gatekeeping includes framing (Breed, 1955) etc. However, research systematically enumerating the engagement of organised interests across a large number of policy issues in the UK and US demonstrates highly skewed patterns of mobilisation (Baumgartner & Leech, Citation2001; Halpin Citation2011): most issues have very little engagement, with most engagement concentrated on a handful of contentious issues. By using this website, you agree to our This involvement can redress power imbalances in health research agenda setting [53]. [84] describe how an effective process of scientific and local knowledge sharing took place within the agenda setting activities. These tools conform to the basic logic set out by Jordan and Richardson, which is that policymakers seek to consult to generate consent. Here, Schroth et al. Do governments pursue multiple strategies simultaneously? Lastly, the typology presented in this paper contributes to the efforts in this special issue to advance scholarship on procedural policy tools and the role they play in the policy process an area that has received limited theoretical and empirical attention in contemporary design studies (Bali et al, Citation2021; Capano & Howlett, Citation2020). 1: CREATE A COMPLETE LIST OF CONCERNS. Special Issue Participatory Methods for Information Society. Advantages And Disadvantages Of Gatekeeping Theory | ipl.org https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001761, Grunwald A, Hocke P (2010) In: Kaiser M, Kurath M, Maasen S, Rehmann-Sutter C (eds) The risk debate on nanoparticles: contribution to a normalisation of the science/society relationship? In addition, they are contrasted with tools that impose agendas, which unsurprisingly sit comfortably within a reactive and impositional governmental policy agenda style (see for e.g.
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