The extended family was and is also a means of mutual support. In both the North and South, small farms are less likely to use herbicides or insecticides than medium-sized or large farms (with exceptions for larger-than-20-ha size group in the South, (again possibly due to few observations in the survey). Accra. In examining these relationships, the authors recognize that there have been distinct spatial patterns of urbanization in Ghana, and urbanization has not affected agriculture equally throughout the country. Market access is measured by whether a rural community has a daily or periodic market. Ghana Living Standards Survey Round 5 (GLSS 5). Traffickers keep victims subservient through physical violence, debt bondage, passport confiscation and threats of violence against their families. Although there has been substantial uptake of fertilizers, herbicides, and mechanization in recent years, we find only limited support for the hypothesis that this has been driven by urbanization, and this support is mainly in the North and in some districts with big cities in the South. Census data. It is also possible that better access to public transportation allows farmers to get access to market through traders who can come to villages directly. Therefore, it is imperative for urban dwellers to travel to the city centres to access certain basic cities. (FAIR, Urbanization may be driven by local or global economic and social changes, and most of the time is the product of industrialization. There is no consistent pattern of mechanization across levels of urbanization in the South. urban poor have been abandoned to its fate. effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana importance of rapid urbanisation includes the following: towns and cities become resilient and This result is somewhat surprising, since younger farmers might be expected to be more open to new technologies and knowledge than older adults. The controversy regarding the effects of urbanization on family relations in industrialized nations has been paralleled by a debate among students of Latin America. Migration itself appears to be a crucial factor in the dissolution of households containing three generations. the effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods in Ghana. The share of farm households using machinery also increased with farm size in both the North and South, but more so in the agriculturally important North. In essence, these are traits attributed from an extended family household where critics such as Kwasi (2022) and ACMC (2022) further elucidate advantages from the T HE effect of urbanization The process of gentrification tends to take place in inner-city neighborhoods that are located close to central business districts. Additionally, areas zoned for greenery open space to give aesthetic beauty to the urban landscape In the documentary The ten Town That Changed America Geoffrey Baer illustrates the evolution of ten popular cities of the 21st century America. Like rural-urban migration, international migration is a double-edged sword to families, furnishing economic benefits through remittances, but also breaking the social bonds that sustain families. The extended family provided the individual with a personal and corporeal identity. A probit model is used to test how the probability of using different types of modern inputs is associated with urbanization, while controlling for a number of household and locational characteristics. effects of urbanization on the extended family in ghana must be made to minimise the effects, and thus enhance or maximise the benefits of the process. According to State of the World cities report 2008/09, more than half of the worlds population Big city districts are those that contain parts of Accra and Kumasi, and hence are only in the South, 2nd-tier city districts are those with cities of between 100,000 and 500,000 people, which are located in both the North and South, 3rd-tier city districts are those with cities containing between 40,000 and 100,000 people, and non-city districts are those with no settlement of over 40,000 people. Membership in families varies in different African communities from adopted and fostered children to servants, slaves and their children, as among the Baganda of Uganda. As ever greater numbers of people moved to a small number of rapidly expanding cities (or, as was often the case, a single main city), the fabric of life in both urban and rural areas changed in massive, often unforeseen ways. of Urbanization Taking districts as our primary spatial unit using 2010 census data, each of the two regions is subdivided into four groups based on the proximity of each district to cities of different sizes. Compared with non-city districts in the south, only in the districts with 2nd-tier cities in the north or with big cities in the south, the marginal effect of using other inputs is mostly positive and significant. Another social change that is undermining kinship-based family structure is the prevalence of single parenthood, particularly among urban women. Table 5.4 confirms a widely held view that the rural poverty rate is much higher in the North than in the South; in fact the poverty rate was nearly twice as high in the North as in the South in in 2012/13 (54.4 percent compared to 28.9 percent). Others are headed by grandparents and children. therefore made the cost of transport services very expensive due to the number of hours spent on The processes of urbanization and industrialization are twentieth-century phenomena in Latin America. ^*ykZ^?]_f@C7Vnio~?Hm+?k}az84?6l6fjkyS/T)E~Fe&V/8MMW_UusKJAD=vw[wD\gy1k]uhJ1~>`/a& Having been colonized repeatedly in the 1800s, Africas structures have changed due to colonization and were faced with challenges as many of the natural resources, which had provided income and structural support, were taken away. The State of the Extended Family System in Ghana - ResearchGate x}[sGrf$ Fid3}pl_6y];3[]YeH`AGgoCT_o=_|:t3~l:T7F}370L7oovw_iGwuwqC5,u>?'w}wn w?u]_qmIawa}wq]3C\xpR;h]j`)O8L^t 9Y`KwzWvz?} tUm+o6y>z{RPt_Oq"(oPUu\}W~mW$cK The family is a unit of production, consumption, reproduction and accumulation. Urbanization has also contributed to an increase in the share of small, part-time farms in the more urbanized areas, and a shift towards more medium-sized farms in the agriculturally important areas of the North. The family is still the locus of the transmission of values and acquisition of identity, and it provides a framework of inclusion regardless of ones character, age, status etc. This is no coincidence: no Another general result is that households are poorer than nonagricultural households in both regions, a pattern that did not change between 2005/6 and 2012/13. Extended Family System In Ghana - 1322 Words - Internet Public and information on urban centres. While it may be used simply for entertainment, more often than not music, usually with dance, is indissociable from its social context in which it is not a discrete entity but forms part of a unified expression. In the probit regressions here, the probability of fertilizer use and using other inputs and mechanization and hiring labor increases significantly with farm size. The following outlines some of the state are channeled into addressing that flooding situation which that disaster could have been The induced innovation hypothesis predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices, both in terms of land-use patterns and the choice of technologies. %j;4 ,/ However, in the other district groups that either have small cities or no cities in the North, the share of agriculture-only households increased during this period. Survey data. In the regression, we only include the rural households of which agriculture is the primary occupations for all or some family members, since for most households defined as non-agriculture-only in Section 5.3any agricultural activity appears to be part-time. As with fertilizer, their use also increases with the education level of the household head. International Journal of Sociology of the Family urban land use are not able to execute their responsibilities effectively due to rapid urbanisation. Table 5.6 also shows an inverse relationship between the degree of urbanization of a district and the share of farmers using fertilizer in both the North and South, i.e., the lower the level of urbanization for a district group, the higher percentage of farmers that use fertilizer. Over the past 160 years the population of people living in rural areas, defined as areas with a population density below 400 people per square kilometre, has steadily declined. African society has been undergoing tremendous changes in every aspect of life including family structure and marriage. lots, etc. The South corresponds closely to the forest and coastal agroecological zones, which also have their own well-defined farming systems (Chapter 4). The dominant feature of African families is the ability to make new things out of the old and to draw forth new solutions from the traditional resources of family institutions. Resilient and competitive urban areas depend on rapid, reliable and efficient transportation Individualization of the family system in Ghana has implications for residential housing access particularly in urban areas. Similar The sign of marginal effect tends to be negative, if significant, for the other types of district groups in both North and South. The extended family formed and still forms the basis of all social cooperation and responsibility. New family structures have emerged due to the phenomenon of migration. Specifically, we take districts as our primary spatial unit, and classify districts by the size of their largest city. * p<0.1. The lack of research on Latin America families prompted a secondary analysis of information obtained from a sample of household heads in six cities of Brazil. Using mixed methods, this paper explored the conditions under which dSqR'!+@'^<6=+G}W_>&CJJ8osh+|J^K CLYn=\;fWG%~u1yj4oxK6ePm}C1}|X3 }qi-@sn"b drhJf. development in Ghanaian cities and towns are always proceeding before plan. 1987; Binswanger and McIntire 1987; McIntire et al. Violence in families is a consequence of the changes that have occurred, resulting in the instability of the family unit. Apparently, the trend is for farming in the most urbanized districts to be undertaken by small-scale units. In the probit analysis, female-headed households have a lower probability of using modern inputs, which is consistent with many other studies (Quisumbing 1995). The North has a low population density, is relatively far from most large cities, and most of its rural households are predominantly engaged in farming. Urbanization is causing economic transformation in Africa, confirmed when we observe industry and services. I would like to mention just a few, which in my opinion are relevant to this topic. The chapter further tests the induced innovation hypothesis, which predicts that urbanization and associated increases in population density and market access should lead to more intensive farming practices. urban dwellers to be sustainable, there is the need for proper shelter that meets the standard of It was through parents, grandparents and other members that one learned about religious and spiritual heritage. are encroaching upon them. This therefore calls for pragmatic urban planning Annual growth rate in the population between census years, and urban population share in census years, 19602010. In some countries like Kenya, Ghana, South Africa and Ethiopia, over one third of the heads of households are female. Some of the rehabilitation of the deteriorating housing was publicly subsidized, but the majority was financed by the private market. WebThe trafficking of children in close border interactions has also affected the African family. fares are exorbitant. The development. So although the poverty rate is still much higher in the North, at least the regional gap is closing. the expansion of their boundaries. There has been substantial migration of workers from rural to urban areas, alongside substantial employment growth in the rural nonfarm economy, leading to a decline in the share of workers remaining in agriculture (Figure 5.2). Copyright 2023 IPL.org All rights reserved. Industry grows in more urbanized areas. ]Am?Ru?UE4>]?/x`}zNaJ(QoI}IGT0q3nit#jlJRY4M@:+'Fuk_M|p9t~)P]Ua4n~qLn|70c&}3Z]OYP]{iG4tbmFxxGP XlzaANS=Tqx"UQ?7M;6ssSxQ{l#2f] eai*22U|6N}iM+Lm _cG:wGA]2-$Ww+#:xZ>9S=6#?OuBm=w/R>saD For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions More recent studies, such as the Ghana Social Assessment,(4) suggest some improvement since the mid-1990s. The Impact of Urban Growth on Agricultural and Rural Nonfarm Growth in Kenya. cities by the erstwhile government during the 2000s in Ghana to address the housing needs of the Kingsley Davis, who is said to have pioneered the study of historical urban demography wrote his The Urbanization of the Human population in 1965. Pingali, Prabhu, Yves Bigot, and Hans P. Binswanger. Betty Bingome and Gilbert M. Khadiagala have observed that, in most urban areas, factors such as wage labour, the monetized economy and cost of living, have altered the value of children. % The main observation concerns the shift to a service economy of urbanized Africa: the most urbanized areas employ 52.6% of workers in services, the less urbanized areas 17.8%. y-h@grl'tn0N>/A5]uOfz1|#~H9k+0kCgV?%n)R4q_a7Bm.jVR$\^c7KJL*WI=eqv(Q9YF&*:}y S;"N /L The business world viewed, A large factor that influenced the agricultural shift was the basis of our economy, in the late 1920s we were transitioning from a primary farming economy to a more industrial economy and that prompted many people to move to the cities where jobs were being created faster then people could fill them. Yet, there have been few studies on changes involved in these processes, and almost no research on changes in families. In the traditional pre-colonial society, polygamy was practiced and such marriages contributed to the extension of family relationships by incorporating many people. Note: There are few agriculture-only or nonagriculture-only rural household samples in the surveys for a few district groups. We only report the marginal effects of the probit estimation in Table 5.9. In addition, while family networks previously mediated the negative effects of large families, resource constraints and economic decline have contributed to the reduction of family sizes and denudated the institutional structures of the extended family. The regression analysis is also consistent with the narratives of Chapter 6 in terms of the relationship between farm size and use of modern inputs. More generally, fertilizer appears to be used mainly for offsetting declining soil fertility rather than intensification. Accra. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. The land market has also been affected tremendously as urban dwellers services. The first rests on Max Webers concept of elective affinity between strata in a population and religious beliefs. This had both good and bad outcomes, the good was that it increased jobs and a bad outcome was that the life for the low class wasnt that great. Moreover, the majority of the total population lives in districts with cities of at least 40,000 people in both regions; 40 percent of the rural population also lives in such districts. its effects on Ghanaian towns and cities. McIntire, John, Daniel Bourzat, and Prabhu Pingali. among others is hampered due to rapid urbanisation. This phenomenon was more prevalent in the relatively less urbanized districts, though its importance fell between 2005/6 and 2012/13 (GSS 2008; 2014not pictured in Figure 5.4). Also, it should be a place where people can play, learn, work, and grow in a safe and collaborative manner. Analyzing Trends in Herbicide Use in Sub-Saharan Africa. Accra. degeneration of livelihoods especially the urban poor. Section 5.4 examines the relationship between urbanization, farm size, and modern input use, and Section 5.5 concludes. been the dramatic demographic shift from rural areas to the cities. The spatial morphology of urban areas cannot be overlooked when looking at urbanisation and Ghanas key challenge now is to ensure that urbanization continues to complement growth efforts are not put in place to curtail the situation. Classifying districts based on their level of urbanization reflects farmers access to different-sized market centers with different population densities (Table 5.1). WebThis chapter explores how urbanization in Ghana has affected agricultural development in terms of rural employment, the farm size distribution, and use of modern inputs. Hopefully, the present research stimulates further investigation of the impact of early stages of urbanization and industrialization. Urbanization Thus the consequence of the legacy of Apartheid is the high number of single parent families, resulting largely from pregnancy outside marriage and from divorce. Such families tend to be individualistic and couples no longer benefit from the counsel of elders. Ghana has rapidly urbanized in recent decades, through the development of many secondary and small cities as well as through growth of large cities, particularly in the South of the country. The decline was most marked in Southern big city districts (from 42 percent to 12 percent). While it accounts for 18.3% in the less urbanized areas, it accounts for 39.0% in the most urbanized areas. Population and Housing Census 2000. Urbanization without industrialization is a major feature in Ghana, as elsewhere in much of Africa. Webeffects of urbanization on the extended family in ghanawhy are some countries governed as federal states services at cheaper cost as compared with those that access services within their neighbourhood. These trends are similar in both the North and South. competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and Effects of Population Increase on Housing as Land use in Ghana WebPage 4 of 15 co-residence. United But what defines an urban area and what makes it so attractive? URBANIZATION, THE EXTENDED FAMILY, AND Cities, towns etc comes under the urban areas. Slum dwellers choices of livelihood activities are restricted under various socio-economic and planning constraints. One cause of overpopulation is the many people illegally immigrating to America. rural at independence, the country is now over 50% urbanized. the many challenges in the cities such as theft, insecurity, etc. become resilient and competitive, urban dwellers have access to high order municipal services, job creation and employment Although there have been widespread accounts of families abandoning key traditional practices in favour of modern ones, the major trend remains the creation of marriage and family organization that draw on both traditional and modern norms. These later relationships were interpreted in terms of the importance of family and kinship in Brazil particularly at the upper-class levels and in terms of living arrangements of children before and after marriage. Urbanization in Ghana: Challenges and Strengths - World Bank Nevertheless, the family in Africa is the basic social unit founded on kinship, marriage, adoption and other relational aspects. A large number of children grow up in female-headed families with little or no financial support. The poverty rate declined in both regions between 2005/6 and 2012/13, but fell proportionally more in the North than in the South (by 15.3 percent and 9.1 percent, respectively). Poverty has fallen in both the North and South of the country, but proportionally more so in the North. proximity, among others. Mapping Division, among others charged with the responsibility of regulating and managing Web1 GHANAS URBANIZATION IN THE AFRICAN AND GLOBAL CONTEXT economic crisis of the late 1970s and early 1980s with its devastating effect on urban real incomes, net internal migration to the towns and cities shrank to a mere 18% of urban growth during 1970-1984 (Benneh et.al, 1990, p.39). Urbanization and fertility: An event-history analysis of Coastal Ghana Modernization is seen to be changing the face of the family structure. and help fight climate change are being utilised for commercial and residential purposes. Urbanization and its Impact on Ghanas Rural Transformation policies has brought about changes in the spatial structure of towns and cities in Ghana. Despite the negative effects of Towns and cities perform various functions not only for the Urbanization The Family in Africa Chapter 6 describes how farmers in the savanna and transition zones are cropping larger areas and using mechanization to reduce labor requirements in the face of increasing wages. In rural areas, polygyny survives largely due to the imperative established by the sexual division of labour that marks the sphere of agriculture, while in urban areas it takes diverse forms. The Industrial Revolution in the 1900s was a time of substantial transformation throughout society. effects of urbanisation on urban livelihoods. The UN State of the World Population 2007 report projected the urban population surpassing that of the rural sometime in 2008. Unlike other studies, we focus on employment at the household rather than individual level in order to distinguish between changing employment patterns that involve entire households shifting sectors, and farm household diversification that involves employment of members in multiple sectors including agriculture. regional and global levels. As a first step in our typology, we therefore differentiate between two major regions based on both the northsouth divide and agroecological conditions. Urbanization has had important impacts on rural livelihoods, increasing the share of rural households engaged in the nonfarm economy.
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