[34], According to the original treaty on the division of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet signed in 1997, Russia was allowed to have its military bases in Crimea until 2017, after which it would evacuate all military units including its portion of the Black Sea Fleet out of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol. Many are protesting against it. A principal demand of Russia is to prevent Ukraine from joining NATO, a military alliance between 28 European countries and two North American countries dedicated to preserving peace and security in the North Atlantic area. Russia Russia claimed it to be a pro-Russian insurgency in Ukraine by the people of Donbas, I think Vladimir Putin thinks this is the best time for him to right what he perceives as a great wrong and reverse Ukrainian independence and sovereignty, says Pomeranz of the Wilson Center. Pro-Russian gunmen in Donetsk, 13 November. Putin, specifically, does not want Ukraine to join NATO not because he has some principled disagreement related to the rule of law or something, it's because he has a might makes right model, adds Bradley Bowman, the senior director of the Center on Military and Political Power at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies, a non-partisan research institute focused on national security and foreign policy. On 22 February 2013 the Ukrainian parliament had overwhelmingly approved of finalizing the agreement with the EU,[25] subsequent to which Russia had put pressure on Ukraine to reject it. In 1994, Ukraine agreed to accede to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons as a non-nuclear-weapon state. [164][165][166][167] Igor Trunov, head of the Russian Red Cross in Moscow, condemned these convoys, saying they complicated humanitarian aid delivery. On 8 April, Russia placed its forces in southern and eastern Ukraine under the command of General Aleksandr Dvornikov, and some units withdrawn from the north were redeployed to the Donbas. Russia did not want to Russian president Vladimir Putin criticized the enlargement of NATO and demanded that Ukraine be barred from ever joining the military alliance. [6] In return, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States agreed to uphold the territorial integrity and political independence of Ukraine through the Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances. The deal aimed to prevent Poland and Ukraine from being cut off from Russian gas supplies. [31] The bill was not enacted,[32] however, the proposal provoked negative reactions in the Russian-speaking regions of Ukraine,[33] intensified by Russian media saying that the ethnic Russian population was in imminent danger.[34]. [324] In July 2014, Channel One Russia broadcast an interview with a woman who said that a 3-year-old boy who spoke Russian was crucified by Ukrainian nationalists in a fictitious square in Sloviansk that turned out to be false. At first, it allowed Ukrainians to keep their culture and run their local government. It will be bloody Ukraine will resist, at least initially. Biden had said before Russias attack that he would be sending more U.S. troops to Eastern Europe to defend NATO allies such as Poland but has repeatedly stated he will not be sending U.S. troops into Ukraine. The first eight years of conflict also included naval incidents, cyberwarfare, and heightened political tensions. By 2018 Russia had built a bridge over the strait, limiting the size of ships that could pass through, imposed new regulations, and repeatedly detained Ukrainian vessels. 97% of Ukrainians said they had an unfavourable view of Russian President Vladimir Putin, with a further 94% saying they had an unfavourable view of the Russian Armed Forces. [97] Investigations and the recovery of bodies began in the conflict zone as fighting continued. By the end of April, Ukraine announced it had lost control of the provinces of Donetsk and Luhansk. Why is Russia attacking Ukraine? Five things you need to And because I'm more powerful than you, Ukraine, I can tell you what to do and with whom to associate, Bowman says. [84] From June Russia trickled in arms, armor, and munitions. In April 2014, armed pro-Russian separatists seized government buildings in Ukraine's eastern Donbas region and proclaimed the Donetsk People's Republic (DPR) and Luhansk People's Republic (LPR) as independent states, starting the Donbas war. [343], NAFO ('North Atlantic Fellas Organization'), a loose cadre of online 'shitposters' vowing to fight Russian disinformation generally identified by cartoon Shiba Inu dogs in social media, gained notoriety after June 2022, in the wake of a Twitter quarrel with Russian diplomat Mikhail Ulyanov. 1. And yet, there are reasons to believe that a full-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine might not happen. [64][65][66][67], In the following days, Russian soldiers secured key airports and a communications center. [38] Early in the conflict, the agreement's sizeable troop limit allowed Russia to significantly reinforce its military presence under the plausible guise of security concerns, deploy special forces and other required capabilities to conduct the operation in Crimea. Ukrainians are now fighting the Russian army, trying to defeat what they say is an occupation. [114] The same day, Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko referred to the operation as Ukraine's "Patriotic War of 2014" and a war against external aggression. ", "Putin Says Conflict in Eastern Ukraine 'Looks Like Genocide', "The antisemitism animating Putin's claim to 'denazify' Ukraine", "Ukraine crisis: Vladimir Putin address fact-checked", "Putin's claims that Ukraine is committing genocide are baseless, but not unprecedented", "Disinformation About the Current Russia-Ukraine Conflict Seven Myths Debunked", Directorate-General for European Neighbourhood Policy and Enlargement Negotiations, "Extracts from Putin's speech on Ukraine", "How Putin's Denial of Ukraine's Statehood Rewrites History", "Putin says he is fighting a resurgence of Nazism. While the invasion took some leaders by surprise, experts do have insight on the origins of the conflict. [355] Russia's actions increased tensions in nearby countries historically within its sphere of influence, particularly the Baltic and Moldova. [79], In late March, Russia continued to gather forces near the Ukrainian eastern border, reaching 3040,000 troops by April. They Refused to Fight for Russia. [186] Throughout, the Russian government repeatedly denied it had plans to attack Ukraine. The Russian side employed electronic warfare systems that Ukraine lacked. [321][322] A third segment portrayed the man as a neo-Nazi surgeon. [40] The statement was, however, regarded as a declaration of war by the Ukrainian government[41] and reported as such by many international news sources. Ukraine conflict: Simple visual guide to the Russian invasion Russia recognized the DPR and LPR as independent states in February 2022, with Putin announcing a "special military operation" in Ukraine and subsequently invading the region. EXPLAINER: Why Did Russia Invade Ukraine? - US News Security checkpoints isolated the Crimean Peninsula from the rest of Ukraine and restricted movement within the territory. We wont be able to answer every question, but we will do our best. [359] In 2018 the U.S. House of Representatives passed a provision blocking any training of Azov Battalion of the Ukrainian National Guard by American forces. Other reasons for action at the time could have been at play for Putin. Putin has a history of invading and occupying countries that approach NATO membership. [17] Russian President Vladimir Putin accused organisers of the 20112013 Russian protests of being former advisors to Yushchenko, and described the protests as an attempt to transfer the Orange Revolution to Russia. Ukrainian soccer player Taras Stepanenko still remembers the intense fear he felt as he heard the sound of gunfire and explosions during the initial days of Russia's full scale invasion of Ukraine. Russia From August, Ukrainian forces began recapturing territories in the north-east and south as a result of counter-offensives. Why Russia [370] Fast forward to 2013. On 24 February 2022, Russian president Vladimir Putin ordered his army to forcefully cross the border and invade neighbouring Ukraine. Russian leaders described this expansion as a violation of Western powers' informal assurances that NATO would not expand eastward. [136][137] On 5 September Russia's Permanent OSCE Representative Andrey Kelin, said that it was natural that pro-Russian separatists "are going to liberate" Mariupol. So I think he wants to end that independence., The Russian president, however, might not have predicted the type of strong response from the international community he saw to the buildup on the Ukraine border. [386][387] In addition, it has been suggested that some respondents did not want to answer pollsters' questions for fear of negative consequences. [175][176] A day later on 26 November 2018, the Ukrainian parliament overwhelmingly backed the imposition of martial law along Ukraine's coastal regions and those bordering Russia. [381], According to polls, the Russian Presidents rating rose from 71% on the eve of the invasion to 82% in March 2023. [395], After expending large amounts of heavy weapons and munitions over months, the Russian Federation received combat drones and loitering munitions from Iran, deliveries of tanks and other armoured vehicles from Belarus, and reportedly planned to trade for artillery ammunition from North Korea and ballistic missiles from Iran. Hostilities never ceased for a substantial period of time, but continued at a low level despite repeated attempts at ceasefire. After Russia formally annexed the peninsula on 18 March, Ukrainian military bases and ships were stormed by Russian forces. [146] Poroshenko described a dangerous escalation on 21 January amid reports of more than 2,000 additional Russian troops, 200 tanks and armed personnel carriers crossing the border. [187][188], In early December 2021, following Russian denials, the US released intelligence of Russian invasion plans, including satellite photographs showing Russian troops and equipment near the border. The [80][34] The deployment was used to threaten escalation and disrupt Ukraine's response. Since the war began, the U.S. has imposed more than 2,700 different sanctions on Russia the highest number by a specific country, according to a tally kept by the Atlantic Council. In the last century, Ukraine, known as the breadbasket of Europe, was one of the most populous and powerful republics in the former Soviet Union as well as an agricultural engine until it declared independence in 1991, according to the Council on Foreign Relations. [f] Following Ukraine's Revolution of Dignity, Russia annexed Crimea from Ukraine and supported pro-Russian separatists fighting the Ukrainian military in the Donbas war. Russia under the dubious claim of protecting ethnic Russians and Russian-speakers from Ukrainian persecution annexed the Crimea region of Ukraine in a move widely condemned by the international community. Bowman says because of this, Putin is the most persuasive billboard possible for the value of NATO membership., What weve seen from President Putin is basically to precipitate everything he says he wants to prevent, Secretary of State Antony Blinken said during a Feb. 16, 2022, appearance on MSNBC's Morning Joe. He says he wants NATO further away from Russia. Russia abandoned an attempt to take Kyiv in early April 2022 amid fierce resistance. From Canada to Vietnam: Scenes from nations examined in U.S. News' Best Countries 2022 report. And Ukraine stands. "[347] British Prime Minister Boris Johnson rejected Lavrov's allegation that NATO is fighting a 'proxy war' in Ukraine. [267], According to an estimate published by the The New York Times, as of February 2023, the "number of Russian troops killed and wounded in Ukraine is approaching 200,000. [190], In the months preceding the invasion, Russian officials accused Ukraine of inciting tensions, Russophobia, and repressing Russian speakers. ", "IntelBrief: China Seeks to Balance Its Interests as Russia's War on Ukraine Intensifies", "Ukraine has fastest-growing refugee crisis since second world war, says UN", United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, "Liz Truss mulls seizure of Russian assets in UK to give to Ukraine", "Putin signs documents to illegally annex four Ukrainian regions, in drastic escalation of Russia's war", "Ukraine war latest: Putin declares four areas of Ukraine as Russian", "Russians Are Fleeing the Threat of Conscription", "Russians rush for flights out amid partial reservist call-up", "UN resolution against Ukraine invasion: Full text", "Can Russia Be Held Accountable for War Crimes in Ukraine? Experts say the cause of the military conflict can be tied to a complicated history, Russias tensions with NATO and the ambitions of Vladimir Putin. Putin likely also viewed the West including the U.S., specifically as weak, Pomeranz adds, which could have impacted how much help he thought Ukraine would actually get. [42][43] While the Ukrainian parliament refers to Russia as a "terrorist state" in regard to its military actions in Ukraine,[44] it has not issued a formal declaration of war on its behalf. Mr. Whelan, a former U.S. Marine, was detained minutes after he was handed a USB stick by a Russian acquaintance that Russia maintains contained a classified list of its security agents. Why Putin invaded Ukraine: Russia's leader goes to war Ukraine will get a $50million loan for green technology until 2024 and Germany will set up a billion dollar fund to promote Ukraine's transition to green energy to compensate for the loss of the gas-transit fees. [24] In November 2013, a wave of large, pro-European Union (EU) protests erupted in response to Yanukovych's sudden decision not to sign the EUUkraine Association Agreement, instead choosing closer ties to Russia and the Eurasian Economic Union. Ukraine says Russia is preparing for fresh push on war's Ukrainian soldiers removing the body of a Russian soldier near the front line in Ukraines northeastern Kharkiv region in November. Punishments have focused on, for example, Russian oil and gas imports and Russian banks. [364] Prices for wheat and grain rose, with Ukraine being a major exporter of both crops. ", "Why is Russia invading Ukraine and what does Putin want? He also expressed irredentist views and questioned Ukraine's right to exist. [348] Former CIA director Leon Panetta told the ABC that the U.S. is 'without question' involved in a proxy war with Russia. [344], Russian military aircraft flying over the Baltic and Black Seas often do not indicate their position or communicate with air traffic controllers, thus posing a potential risk to civilian airliners. In 2014, Russia took over an area in southern Ukraine called Crimea. In February, with the first anniversary of Russias invasion of Ukraine days away, officials in Kyiv were busy making plans to attack Moscow. [57][58], On 20 February 2014, Russia began an annexation of Crimea. On Feb. 24, 2022, Russia sent its army into Ukraine and began trying to take over the country by force. [269] The right of movement was impeded for the inhabitants of the conflict zone. Mellon Assistant Professor of Russian and East European Studies, Vanderbilt University. [15] During a two-month period which became known as the Orange Revolution, large peaceful protests successfully challenged the outcome. [148] On 18 February, Ukrainian forces withdrew from Debatlseve, in the last high-intensity battle of the Donbas war until 2022. Ukrainian soccer player Taras Stepanenko still remembers the intense fear he felt as he heard the sound of gunfire and explosions during the initial days of Russia's By 20 May, Mariupol fell to Russian troops following a prolonged siege of the Azovstal steel works. [133] Russia denied this, denying that it was a party to the conflict, adding that "they only discussed how to settle the conflict". [10][11], The 2004 Ukrainian presidential election was controversial. [52][53][54][55] The invasion has also been called a crime of aggression under international criminal law[56] and under some countries' domestic criminal codes including those of Ukraine and Russia although procedural obstacles exist to prosecutions under these laws. ", "Russian Public Accepts Putin's Spin on Ukraine Conflict", "War in Ukraine: U.S. dramatically upgrades its aid package to Kyiv", "Ukraine gets over $12 billion in weapons, financial aid since start of Russian invasion- Ukraine's PM", "Four Ways to Understand the $54 Billion in U.S. [123] and Russian soldiers began deporting Ukrainians who did not have an address registered within the town. Based on global opinion, these 25 nations are the world's best. I think it's his magnum opus, she says. Ukrainian servicemen fire an anti-aircraft gun on a frontline near Bakhmut. Now Biden gets a chance at a do-over. [18] Rallies in favour of Putin during this period were called "anti-Orange protests". [169], The volunteers were issued a document claiming that their participation was limited to "offering humanitarian help" to avoid Russian mercenary laws. ", "The Ukraine conflict and international law", "Stanford's Allen Weiner on the Russian Invasion of Ukraine", "International law and the invasion of Ukraine", "Ukraine: Debunking Russia's legal justifications", "Debunking Russia's international law justifications", "Rusia est fuera de la ley internacional", "Israeli legal experts condemn Ukraine invasion, say it's illegal under international law", "Is international law powerless against Russian aggression in Ukraine? [384], An April 2022 survey by the Levada Centre reported that approximately 74% of the Russians polled supported the "special military operation" in Ukraine, suggesting that Russian public opinion has shifted considerably since 2014. [333] On 4 March 2022, Putin signed into law a bill introducing prison sentences of up to 15 years for those who publish "fake news" about the Russian military and its operations,[334] leading to some media outlets to stop reporting on Ukraine. The separatists declared the People's Republics of Donetsk and Luhansk. [81] By April 2014, Russian citizens had taken control of the separatist movement, supported by volunteers and materiel from Russia, including Chechen and Cossack fighters. Russia's 2014 invasion of Crimea - a short history We are now waiting for the imposition of sanctions on a 100% subsidiary of Gazprom, the operator of Nord Stream 2."[313]. He sees Ukrainians and Russians as brother nations and says that because Russia is the older brother, it should get to be in charge. Under the agreements the Russian military in Crimea was constrained to a maximum of 25,000 troops; they were required to: respect the sovereignty of Ukraine, honor its legislation, not interfere in the internal affairs of the country, and show their "military identification cards" when crossing the international border. In late September, Russia declared the annexation of four partially-occupied regions in southern and eastern Ukraine, which was internationally unrecognized. Only 4 percent spoke out against it. A revolution in February 1917 forced Russias leader, Czar Nicholas II, from the throne. Notable protests first occurred in March[379][380] and large protests occurred in September when "tens of thousands" protested the war in Ukraine with a peace march in downtown Moscow on Sunday, 21 September 2014, "under heavy police supervision". In February 2022, Putin again claimed that Ukrainians and Russians are one people. One year later, the war is By 28 July, the strategic heights of Savur-Mohyla were under Ukrainian control, along with the town of Debaltseve, an important railroad hub. The Obama administration bungled the 2014 Ukraine crisis. Ask an adult to send your question to CuriousKidsUS@theconversation.com. It decreased after 2016 in government-held areas, while in the separatist-held ones it continued. [153][154] Between 2014 and 2022 there were 29 ceasefires, each agreed to remain in force indefinitely. [354], On 4 March 2014, the United States pledged $1 billion in aid to Ukraine. After the Supreme Court of Ukraine annulled the initial result due to widespread electoral fraud, a second round re-run was held, bringing to power Yushchenko as president and Yulia Tymoshenko as prime minister, and leaving Yanukovych in opposition. Russia had amassed up to 190,000 troops according to reports from the U.S. on Ukraines borders over the course of many months. Prior to the invasion, Russian President Vladimir Putin recognized the Russian-backed breakaway regions of Donetsk and Luhansk, both located in the disputed Donbas area, as independent peoples republics and ordered so-called peacekeeping troops into those areas. [229][230][231] Russia began to evacuate its embassy in Kyiv. [385] According to some sources, a reason many Russians supported the "special military operation" has to do with the propaganda and disinformation. The U.S. president also ordered sanctions against the Russian-built Nord Stream 2 natural gas pipeline company and its corporate officers on Feb. 23, prior to the invasion. What Biden learned when Putin invaded Ukraine in 2014 But Ukrainians said that while both groups practiced the same religion and shared some history, Ukrainian culture such as its food, language, art and music was different. [360][361][362], The initial reaction to the escalation of tensions in Crimea caused the Russian and European stock market to tumble. [132], On 3 September, Poroshenko said he and Putin had reached a "permanent ceasefire" agreement. Please tell us your name, age and the city where you live. In April 2014, Russian news channels Russia-1 and NTV showed a man saying he was attacked by a fascist Ukrainian gang on one channel and on the other channel saying he was funding the training of right-wing anti-Russia radicals. A Rosja znw: Nie przekraczalimy granicy [NA YWO]", "BBC:Ukraine crisis: 'Thousands of Russians' fighting in east, August 28", "U.S. says Russia has 'outright lied' about Ukraine", " . In early August 2014, the German DAX was down by 6 percent for the year, and 11 percent since June, over concerns Russia, Germany's 13th biggest trade partner, would retaliate against sanctions. Democracy stands., Tags: Ukraine, Russia, United States, NATO. According to Anthony Cordesman, Russian military officers viewed such colour revolutions as an attempt by the US and European states to destabilise neighbouring countries and undermine Russia's national security. But the true reason might be much simpler than many analysts have assumed. EXPLAINER: Why Did Russia Invade Ukraine? "[9] In the years after the dissolution of the USSR, several former Eastern Bloc countries joined NATO, partly in response to regional security threats involving Russia such as the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, the War in Abkhazia (19921993) and the First Chechen War (19941996). It contrasted with respondents in Kyiv-controlled Donbas, where a vast majority felt the separatist regions should be returned to Ukraine. [208] The demand for a formal treaty preventing Ukraine from joining NATO was rejected by Western officials as it would contravene the treaty's "open door" policy, although NATO made no efforts to comply with Ukraine's requests to join. Russia [177], More than 110 Ukrainian soldiers were killed in the conflict in 2019. [378] Street protests against the war in Ukraine arose in Russia. Around 200 prisoners were exchanged on 29 December 2019. Additionally, around 1,000 GRU troops were operating in the area. Biden on Feb. 22, 2022, announced a series of sanctions against Russian financial institutions and the countrys elites. It might have been the most opportune time from Putins perspective, he adds, because the country had $600 billion in foreign currency reserves and had already put significant resources into reconstructing Russias army. Ukraine and Russia, which both had been part of the Soviet Union, became independent countries. Russia soon annexed Crimea after a highly-disputed referendum. [288] Following Russia's launch of the Nord Stream pipeline, which bypasses Ukraine, gas transit volumes steadily decreased. The Ukrainian Defence Ministry said that they had seized two of the unit's armoured vehicles near Luhansk, and reported destroying another three tanks and two armoured vehicles in other regions. Why [293] Another section of the pipeline exploded in the Poltava Oblast on 17 June 2014, one day after Russia limited the supply of gas to Ukrainian customers due to non-payment. [369] The Euro and the US dollar both rose, as did the Australian dollar. Russia digs in as Ukraine prepares to attack | Reuters "[268], Violations of human rights and atrocity crimes have both occurred during the war. [178] In May 2019, newly elected Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy took office promising to end the war in Donbas. Thursday, 28 April 2016, 3 p.m. New York", " , ", "Putin describes secret operation to seize Crimea", Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, List of Russian units which invaded the territory of Ukraine, Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, 20222023 RussiaEuropean Union gas dispute, OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, Foreign fighters in the Russo-Ukrainian War, Economic impact of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, 2022 activities of Anonymous against Russia, Media portrayal of the Russo-Ukrainian War, Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine, Aircraft losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War, Ship losses during the Russo-Ukrainian War, Forced transfer of Ukrainian children to Russia, 20212022 BelarusEuropean Union border crisis, On the Historical Unity of Russians and Ukrainians, Evacuation of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR, Mobilization in Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR, international recognition of the Donetsk PR and Luhansk PR, Northeastern UkraineRussia border skirmishes, Ust-Ilimsk military commissariat shooting, Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists, Annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts, Autonomous Republic of Crimea and Sevastopol, Mykolaiv government building missile strike, Zaporizhzhia residential building airstrike, Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure, 2023 Dnipro residential building airstrike, Torture of Russian soldiers in Mala Rohan, Torture and castration of a Ukrainian POW in Pryvillia, Rape of Donetsk People's Republic soldiers by Kadyrovites, restrictions on transit to Kaliningrad Oblast, European Union Military Assistance Mission in support of Ukraine, Coordination Headquarters for the Treatment of Prisoners of War, Destroyed Russian military equipment exhibition, Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, Forced confiscation law of Russian property, National Council for the Recovery of Ukraine from the War, 2023 Presidential Address to the Federal Assembly, Conmemorative Medal "Participant of a Special Military Operation", Manifesto of the South Russian People's Council, Russian Orthodox clergymen appeal against war, Danish European Union defence opt-out referendum, Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia, Recognition of Russia as a terrorist state, Serving heads of state and government that have visited Ukraine during the invasion, demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin, State Duma initiative for charging Vladimir Putin of high treason, Diplomatic expulsions during the Russo-Ukrainian War, Yermak-McFaul Expert Group on Russian Sanctions, Wimbledon ban on Russian and Belarusian players, 2023 Russian oil products sanctions and price cap, UrengoyPomaryUzhhorod pipeline explosion, And now I will show you where the attack on Belarus was prepared from, Demolition of monuments to Alexander Pushkin in Ukraine, Foreign leaders that have visited during the invasion, Proposed Russian annexation of Transnistria, Russian military presence in Transnistria, International reactions to the Euromaidan, List of people killed during the Revolution of Dignity, Agreement on settlement of political crisis in Ukraine, European UnionUkraine Association Agreement, Autonomous Republic of Crimea (since 1995), Building of the Supreme Council of Crimea, International recognition of the Donetsk People's Republic and the Luhansk People's Republic, Insurgency in the Preevo Valley (19992001), Insurgency in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile, Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus, Military history of the Russian Federation, List of battles involving the Russian Federation, Sino-Russian border conflicts (16521689), Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929), Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930), Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940), Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944), Anti-communist resistance in Poland (19441953), Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts, Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet, Treaty Between the Russian Federation and Ukraine on Cooperation in the Use of the Sea of Azov and the Kerch Strait, 17 December 2013 RussianUkrainian action plan, 2014 Russian sabotage activities in Ukraine.
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