Explains that the nigeria juvenile justice system is the country that they chose to focus on while presenting their term paper. Explains amnesty international's "the death penalty: questions and answers". <> Early common law made no special provision for children who committed crimes. The site is secure. in 1994, the state of texas executed robert nelson drew even after another man confessed to the murder. Epub 2020 Dec 5. Explains that prisoners may receive reading materials from outside the prison under such conditions as the officer-in-charge may determine. WebThere are four types of juvenile institutions in Nigeria; namely the Juvenile Courts, Borstal Centres, Approved Schools and Remand Homes. who were under 18 years-old at the time they committed their crimes. Today, there are generally five methods of execution used in the US. It was established in accordance with Chapter C15 of the Code of Conduct Bureau Act and the 1999 Constitution. The English youth courts exercise jurisdiction over offenders aged 10 (the minimum age of criminal responsibility) to 16. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help FOIA During the 19th century, children who were criminally liable were regularly imprisoned, and there are records of childrens being hanged as late as the 1830s. 4 0 obj <>stream they also have serious doubts about the fairness of the imposing of death sentences. Opines that a handful of executions per year will not have any real deterrent effect especially on the people who society would most like to be. Under legislation passed in the late 1960s, a care order mandated by the youth court could effectively transfer parental rights to the local authority. I.e. A court is competent when: a The court is properly constituted as regards members and qualifications of the bench and no members and qualifications of the bench and no member is disqualified for one reason or the other. Describes the most widely cited studies in favor of the death penalty. A child above 12 is fully responsible for his actions; Click here to unlock this and over one million essays, Juveniles in Adult Prisons the idea of confining persons after a trial as punishment for their crimes is relatively new. In essence, the Children and Young Persons Act Clause 11(1) specifically forbade the detention of children. While international documents have restricted and in some cases even A juvenile is a person A lock ( x+ | Recommends that the candidate take a cautious anti-death penalty stance, as there are serious racial, class, and mental discrepancies in the implementation of the death penalty. Early jails were mostly dark, overcrowded, and filthy. Explains that the belief in murder is based on the assumption that it is only fair that if murder occurs. journal of correctional education. x+ | endstream xS* Explains that death penalty supporters claim that even if it were not a deterrent to crime, it should still be the penalty for first degree murder. ) or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. 2 0 obj x+ | Explains that the united nations convention on the rights of the child covers the treatment of juvenile offenders by the government and the juvenile justice system. Embassy of the Republic of Nigeria 3519 International Court, N.W. x\6qt{[08vd`@YI>SLfw_Oy_iM?W}qw|o/o? _w?Oo?RU~/ {T4mP7LUM~Go>BV\6. The death penalty statutes were overturned and then reinstated in the United States during the 1970's due to questions concerning its fairness (Flanders 50). The death penalty began to be reinstated slowly, but the rate of executions has increased during the 1990's (Winters103-107). JUVENILE SENTENCING IN NIGERIA AND THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK only 4% believe that a person convicted of first-degree murder will spend his life in prison. Describes einat, t, and a. Explains that capital punishment has existed in the us since colonial times. x+ | Juvenile Justice System In Southern Nigeria | Office of Would you like email updates of new search results? The author discusses some Western delinquency theories that could be applicable to Nigeria; these include some family-based theories, differential association, economic conditions, urban conditions, social control, and culture conflict. Official websites use .gov Suggests reinstatement of mandatory death sentences for specific crimes, which was deemed unconstitutional by the supreme court in 1976. A controversial method of juvenile punishment has been the use of corporal punishment. Describes the us embassy in france's "death penalty in the united states". Making prison libraries visible, The Nigeria Juvenile Justice System In Nigeria. endobj Explains that over half of the countries in the world have abolished the death penalty, including all other major industrialized, democratic nations. Section 255 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended) provides for a High Court in each of the states in Nigeria and in the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. Opines that heroin is plentiful but won't show up as readily on a drug test. endstream Key terms: Juvenile Sentencing, Child Rights Act, Children and Young PersonsAct. From 1914-1943, juvenile delinquency emerged as a distinct social problem; specific laws were enacted relating to children and Reformatory and Industrial Schools were established across the country. the us is one of six countries which executes people who were under 18 years-old at the time of their crimes. Opines that if someone kills someone, he or she should pay for the crime with his or her. Describes collins, r., and boden, l. guidelines for prison libraries. Explains that in respect of non-muslim prisoners, a person nominated by any religious association which is lawfully registered. x+ | Explains that the united states, china, iran and saudi arabia account for over 80% of the executions recorded by amnesty international. endobj <>stream Welfare in youth justice is predicated on the idea that rather than punishing young peoples actions, intervention should be based on satisfying their needs. the irreversible death sentence requires courts to follow heightened due process in the preparation and course of the trial. 0000002569 00000 n endobj Punishable offenses that are classified as criminal offenses for adults (e.g., murder, robbery, and larceny) are referred to as delinquency when committed by juveniles, whereas juvenile offenses mandating legal intervention only (e.g., alcohol and tobacco use, truancy, and running away from home) are referred to as status offenses. Nigeria also has consulates in Atlanta and New York City. It further asserts that governments should attempt to make the procedures and structure of the juvenile court, as well as the disposition of the juvenile, more informal than they are in most countries today by establishing neighborhood courts of lay judges. In 1993, while only 15% of the juvenile population was black, black youths were involved in 28% of all arrests and 50% of all violent crime arrests. WebThe first juvenile court session Nigeria was held in Lagos sometime in the 1940's; it was another 10 years before juvenile courts were regularly convened in each of the country's endstream In addition to these actions, which for adults constitute crime and delinquency for children, There are other behaviours that when exhibited by children and young people, are considered delinquent even though they do not qualify as crimes for adults. The Colonial Children and Young Persons Act (CYPA), which was initially designed to apply only to the colony of Lagos, is the primary piece of legislation in Nigeria that governs the juvenile justice system. When discussing each part of this paper, I tried to get as much as information as possible to highlight Nigerias Juvenile Justice System. the most severe punishment of individuals is death penalty. 29 0 obj endobj Importantly, the Childs Right Act established a child justice administration system for the administration of juvenile justice. <>stream Explains that death penalty supporters feel that the likelihood of an innocent person being put to death is very low due to the safeguards in place. It is provided for under Section 280 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended). China, the Democratic Republic of Opines that psychopaths are incapable of rational behaviour, such as in the hungerford and dunblane massacres. Juvenile Justice Administration in Nigeria: Philosophy and uaa). endstream Explains that prisons are institutions that place physical confined for individuals who have been charged with a criminal offense. 5 0 obj <>stream Explains that troy dugan was mentally retarded and extremely mentally ill when he killed a man at age 15 and lives on death row in angola prison. In other words, Nigeria s court hierarchy is an integral part of Nigeria s legal system, which provides organization and clarity for judicial work. endobj The juvenile court and delinquency cases - PubMed xS* Governor and Legislative Electoral Tribunal: This handle petitions for governor and state legislative elections. No individual shall be sentenced to imprisonment, according to Subsection (2), if he can be properly dealt with in any other way, whether by probation, fine, corporal punishment, committal to a place of detention or to an approved institution or otherwise. A young person who has been ordered to serve a prison sentence is not permitted to interact with adults, according to Subsection (3). Vacca, J. S. (2004). Based on ethnographic observations in Nigeria and predicated on a review of ethnographic literature on Nigeria as well as a study of the Nigerian Criminal Code and Procedure, the paper suggests that the informal control of juvenile delinquency may be a panacea for recidivism and a consequent criminal career. https://www.britannica.com/topic/juvenile-justice, Cornell University Law School - Juvenile Justice. WebThis paper analyses the development of child justice during three main periods in Nigeria. Importantly, the Childs Right Act established a child justice administration system for the administration of juvenile justice. In short, the advantages of the Nigerian court hierarchy include the doctrine of case law, which stipulates the judgment of the Higher Court is binding on the lower court. THE HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE JUVENILE JUSTICE 13 0 obj government site. The care order is only one of many sanctions available to the English youth court and is used only in a minority of the cases that come before it. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! xS* Furthermore, the Children and Young Persons Act[2] defines a child in Section 3 as a person under the age of fourteen years. Explains that the high price of execution is most deeply felt in the counties responsible for both prosecution and defense of capital defendants. There are more than one million children worldwide that are in the care of the juvenile justice system. The number of justices of the supreme court does not exceed 21, and the President appoint them on the recommendation of the National Judicial Council (NJC), subject to confirmation by the Senate. The customary appeal court has no original jurisdiction. It is a court of coordinate jurisdiction with the Federal High Court and the National Industrial Court. endobj The following are the laws that play a role in the sentencing of Juveniles in Nigeria: The Child Rights Act is Nigerias most comprehensive piece of legislation addressing all matters pertaining to children. Careers. Explains that they're gonna show him how to play basketball as good as he can. Forty-three of those, death penalty continues to be This article focuses on Nigerias juvenile justice system, and the conduct of juvenile proceedings in Court. It is ranked fifth in the Nigerian courts. The court's effectiveness in protecting the rights of juveniles in delinquency cases. show more content. It functions as a court of summary judgement. Explains that children may visit once a month for 30 minutes and once every three months. Opines that the death penalty is not the best way to ensure public safety. h.11. endobj 2021 Jun;31(2):317-334. doi: 10.1111/jora.12599. OUTLINE 1. Introduction 2. Traditional Juvenile Justice Explains that the children and young persons act ii is the major piece of legislation dealing with matters affecting children and young persons in nigeria. The judge of the Supreme Court of Nigeria must be retired at the 70 years. Pinderhughes EE, Dodge KA, Bates JE, Pettit GS, Zelli A. J Fam Psychol. It is a well-known fact in law that jurisdiction is the ladder for establishing court authority. Explains that life without parole is the most popular alternative, which is morally and financially cheaper than execution, although the numbers can be fudged somewhat to attain a favorable appearance. Explains that white people are 7 times more likely to receive the death penalty if they kill a white person. % (UZsi{Z ,-b4Mb45C\C :> xS* Opines that capital punishment will continue to be controversial as long as it exists because it polarizes people's views and allows for wide interpretation of its legal, moral and financial legitimacy. Data are presented to discuss the current status of juvenile delinquency in Nigeria and the appropriateness of applying Western theories of delinquency causation to the Nigerian experience. Thats an average of almost 105 people per year, three out of five of which were executed in, legal in 38 states and two federal jurisdictions (Winters 97). Opines that prisoners return to society with a heroin habit and high risk of hiv. xS* endobj A lock ( Explains that this act has made a large impact on the legislation in nigeria dealing with juveniles. Analyzes how libraries without librarians are just a room full of books. If he is charged jointly with an adult crime while being tried in juvenile court, he can be sent to an adult court for trial, though he is normally returned to the youth court for sentencing. 4 0 obj Hb```"+ bE8_}ie`ss'bP Pn0Aa.lM~. R Opines that the death penalty legitimizes an irreversible act of violence by the state and has inevitably claimed innocent victims. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. 17 0 obj endobj The author concludes that early intervention into the lives of these youths is necessary to address the increase in juvenile crime. xS* It is composed of the President of the National Industrial Court and is divided into multiple judicial departments for administrative convenience. Explains that the process is still in effect 50 years after it was implemented. Organizations such as Amnesty International and the American Civil Liberties, currently legal in 38 states and two federal jurisdictions (Winters 97). 0000001015 00000 n Cites the u.s. department of justice's sourcebook of criminal justice statistics 2002. state correctional facilities provide mental health screening and treatment. 0000006093 00000 n The United States Bureau of Prisons handles two hundred and thirty-nine juveniles and their average age is seventeen. In the case of the High Court of the Federal Capital Territory, Abuja, the number of judges is determined by the State House of Assembly and National Assembly. Explains that juvenile justice is a system of laws that are regulated and process for non-adult offenders of violation of the law. endobj 8600 Rockville Pike Juvenile Court in Nigeria - WE THINK LAW 0000002955 00000 n Describes audi's views on the seperation of church and state and the obligations of citizenship in philosophy and public affairs. Each of the State High Court is headed by a Chief Judge. Coauthor of. The Debate of Reinstating Capital Punishment in Britain, The Costs of the Death Penalty in the United States, Capital Punishment Essay - The Death Penalty in the United States Argumentative Persuasive Essays, The Development and Provison of Prison Library for Juvenile. Juvenile/Youth Justice Management in Nigeria: Making a Case for national center for policy analysis, 14 ebruary 2004. The Customary Court of Appeal is chaired by the Chief Judge, who is assisted by other judges. Explains that the death penalty is a controversial topic in the united states today and has been for years. A male child under the age of 12 is always assumed to be incapable of having carnal knowledge and therefore cannot be held responsible for offenses requiring that element. <>stream 23 0 obj A common feature of these reforms is the strengthening of diversion programmes. the andrea yates case: family to family. The term of office of the CCT chairman and members expires at the age of 70. ~jm-o'ZL !ula~r/a[zLE-V:}.c8v'qw$cU]2}WbHng!!Hods,4d~'OK/vy5^VfZonsschLuK|QI\B$eSPaI;Lz/>GbC(dX'O mYbpwJ"(rW)vAyN3)ox0h:XyWBJ (Nt!N1^+}JRaQn ]E#(m Pu${ ql%c"M/n/7HpI&9 2$$~^D># a/)pH/W. Explains haag, ernest van den, "the ultimate punishment: a defense". Office of Childrens Issues Of all delinquency cases referred to juvenile court, approximately one quarter are dismissed or diverted for handling outside the court process. <>stream has increased during the 1990's (Winters 103-107). scheidegger states numerous examples of people spending up to 20 years on death row repeatedly filing redundant appeals to state and federal judges. Criminal Procedure/Litigation In Nigeria: Major Sources Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The influence of neuroscience on US Supreme Court decisions about adolescents' criminal culpability. Journal of 2016 Jan;25(1):41-7. doi: 10.1016/j.chc.2015.08.011. In the Northern part of Nigeria, the court is known as Districts courts, while in the Southern part of Nigeria, it is known as Magistrate Court. Opines that some in favor of the death penalty feel that even if they were caught, they would be punished. endobj Explains that the aid temperature rose as high as 123 degrees fahrenheit. <>stream Its appeal jurisdiction does not extend to the appeal of the district court. 15 0 obj Hanging, the gas chamber, lethal injection, the electric chair and the firing squad are all used, some notably less than others. Unable to load your collection due to an error, Unable to load your delegates due to an error. much debate continues in the us as to whether it constitutes an appropriate punishment. Opines that execution saves innocents. Opines that this is a real situation in venezuela where 93 men and women are in prison. <> Explains ronald l. akers' theories of crime and deviance. In 1991 the Criminal Justice Act allowed the newly named Youth Court to handle cases involving 17-year-olds, and in 1994 the Criminal Justice and Public Order Act assigned stiffer punishments to juvenile offenders. Epub 2015 Oct 18. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Juvenile Courts There is a committee structure in situ to analyze and listen to juvenile law violations. Explains that juvenile delinquency is prevalent in the criminal justice system in nigeria. Juvenile justice | Definition, Systems, History, & Debate It is provided for under Section 255 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended). The specific mechanisms for administering juvenile justice have varied over timeamong societies and even among jurisdictions within countries. Its stated purpose is "to make provision for the welfare of the young and the treatment of young offenders and for the establishment of juvenile courts. (Okagbue, 2000). 28 0 obj Cites glick, b., wilkerson, i, and lefevre, p.s. Argues that death penalty supporters argue that the concern should be in saving the lives of potential victims, not protecting the rights of the criminals. b) Children and Young Persons Act. Web2.2 Hierarchy and Structure of the Courts 17 2.3 Court Data Collection and Statistics 19 3. Narrates how a man who served 23 years for murder lost count of how many inmates he had. endstream 0000001036 00000 n The death penalty began to be reinstated slowly, but the rate of executions <> xS* By the provisions of Section 233(1) of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended), the Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction, to the exclusion of any other court of law in Nigeria, to hear and determines appeals from the Court of Appeal. 18 0 obj Opines that china is in labor camps being forced, in the name of reform, to create. Under no circumstances may the board of directors regulate or operate a daily courthouse, per the law. endobj Explains that the united states bureau of prisons handles two hundred and thirty-nine juveniles and their average age is seventeen. x+ | Explains that understanding why criminals commit crime is important in understanding the death penaltys causes and ramifications. Prisoners were <>stream Opines that executions will be the deterrent that the pro-capital punishment lobby expects them to be. endstream In Nigeria, there is no legal definition when defining if a child or group of children is alleged to have minor criminal activity. PMC christian science monitor. Author of, Professor of Sociology, Vanderbilt University. endstream Explains the bureau of justice statistics' "key facts at a glance: prisoners on death row by race.". This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. 0000003601 00000 n WebJUVENILE JUSTICE ADMINISTRATION IN NIGERIA Hakeem Ijaiya* This article seeks to analyse the state of the system of juvenile justice administration in Nigeria against the R There are a number of arguments in favor of the death penalty. Describes the contents of the american civil liberties union freedom network, capital punishment, and the death penalty. Opines that it is inevitable that execution will happen sooner or later. endstream Explains that the current death penalty statutes in the united states violate contemporary standards of decency and various international treaties, because they allow the execution of the mentally disabled and minors. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Explains that only "sane" murderers can be executed. Washington, DC 20008 Tel: (202) 775-8400 Fax: (202) 775-1385 Internet: nigeriaembassyusa.org . endstream Analyzes how the majority of americans don't support the death penalty, despite their abstract support for executions. Analyzes the murder rate in the years from 1968 to 1991, and the average murder. endobj Opines that the increase in juvenile murders will spur renewed interest in executing teens or locking them away for the rest of their lives. Juvenile Sentencing In Nigeria And The Legal Framework -By Oyetola Muyiwa Atoyebi & Theodora Nnodim, Analysing The Role Of Legal Practitioners In Commercial Transactions -By Oyetola Muyiwa Atoyebi & Elizabeth Ebekhile, An Overview Of Limited Liability Partnerships Under CAMA 2020 -By Oyetola Muyiwa Atoyebi & Chikezie Iwu, An Appraisal Of The Cabotage Act, Policies, And Ship Registration -By Oyetola Muyiwa Atoyebi & Aria Olo, The Role Of Law In The Nigeria Agriculture Industry -By Oyetola Muyiwa Atoyebi & Love Ebekhile. Opines that america still leads industrialized world in handgun homicide, despite gains made since brady law. Opines that even though 80% of the population is in favor of it, it is still favored by the states. Describes the crimes reported by the police: homicide. Appeals cannot come from a court other than a customary court or a local court. endobj It is the apex court of Nigeria, which implies that the jurisdiction of the court is the highest in Nigeria. Explains that there are racial prejudices in the execution of the death penalty. And any defect in competence is fatal, because the proceedings of the court are a nullity however well conducted. %PDF-1.5 10 0 obj In 1930, the Bureau of Justice Statistics began keeping stats on capital punishment nationwide. x+ | Congo, the United States and Iran are the most prolific executioners Child Rights Act The Child Rights Act is Nigerias most comprehensive piece of legislation addressing all matters pertaining to children. There are sixty-eight juveniles sitting on death row for crimes committed as juveniles. <>stream Explains that people are misinformed about the death penalty. It was followed in 2000 by the Criminal Justice and Court Services Act, which advanced the use of community service as a form of punishment. <> california alone spends $90 million annually, with $78 million going towards judicial process. The law did not define the term juvenile however, other indicators in the law show that the term refers to a person under the age of seventeen (17) years. He can be reached at atoyebi@omaplex.com.ng, Theodora is a member of the Dispute Resolution Team at OMAPLEX Law Firm. Nigeria Intercountry Adoption Explains that a library shall be provided in every prison, and subject to these regulations and to such conditions as the director general may determine, each prisoner shall have library books and exchange them as often as practicable. Appeals can be made from the Federal High Court, the High Court of a state, the Sharia Court of Appeal in a state, and the Customary Appeal court to the Court of Appeal. <>stream <>stream Explains that the united nations human rights commission has passed a resolution calling for all nations that continue to execute to restrict the number of offences for which the death penalty may be imposed and to suspend executions. Explains that in nigeria, children are protected under the child's right act. Opines that mandatory death sentences would be more effective if there was a limit on the number of appeals which someone on death row was entitled to. This article follows those youths who are arrested on the pathway through the 6 0 obj endobj that the death penalty reduces crime because it, Robinson, R.L. Mr. Justice Nwali Sylvester Ngwuta was born in 1951 in Amofia-Ukawu, Onicha Local government Ebonyi State. Opines that prisoner books of religious observance and instruction or any other religious articles recognised for his denomination shall be available for personal use. 3 0 obj endobj This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Exploring Disproportionate Minority Contact in the Juvenile Justice System Over the Year Following First Arrest. endobj Opines that bannister had b een for hire or even that he had committed murder in the first. Explains that african-american defendants were almost four times more likely to receive the death penalty than people of other ethnic origin who committed similar crimes. The Code of Conduct Tribunal (CCT) consists of a chairman and two other members. There is a lot of information that is different than the United States and I feel as if youth have a tendency to take advantage It is provided for under Section 249 of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended). 12 0 obj Explains that general criminological theory suggests that offenders are themselves victims of mental and societal ills and that a reduction in crime will benefit both victims and offender. Explains that pakistan abolished the death penalty for juvenile offenders and the drc established a moratorium on executions. 630-912-5051. 0000000727 00000 n and transmitted securely. The Nigeria Juvenile Justice System is the country that I chose to focus on while presenting my term paper. The court is established by the House of Assembly. Argues that capital punishment is the only absolute punishment for severe crimes, preventing convicted criminals from committing crimes again. It is provided for under Section 254A of the 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (as amended). <>/Font<>/XObject<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> % Explains that there was a lot of debate about the two systems. JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF NIGERIA arguments in favor of the death penalty. Children are also subject to specialized laws, procedures, and policies designed to protect their interests when parents or other legal guardians are unavailable, negligent, or involved in custodial disputes. Updates? 45 0 obj The method that more traditional societies such as those in Nigeria use in handling juvenile offenders may help in dealing with similar offenders in more advanced countries.
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