lithium niobate modulator tutorial

High-quality lithium niobate photonic crystal nanocavities. b Same as a but with a modulation frequency of 2.0GHz. PDF An Integrated Low-Voltage Broadband Lithium Niobate Phase Modulator C.W., M.Z., X.C., P.W. Nature 507, 341345 (2014). PubMed Opt. Recently, there have been significant advance in high-Q LN photonic-crystal nanoresonators43,44,45,46, which led to the demonstration of intriguing phenomena and functionalities such as photorefraction quenching43, harmonic generation44, piezo-optomechanics45, and all-optical resonance tuning46. The inset shows the S11 reflection scattering parameter for both devices. Liu, J. et al. Opt. Science 318, 15671570 (2007). Input requirements, test setups, and mounting instructions will be covered. CAS High performance thin-film lithium niobate modulator on a silicon Integrated Electro-Optic Modulator in Z-Cut Lithium Niobate Thin Film In most cases, lasers are stand-alone devices, external to the modulators, making the whole system more expensive and less stable and scalable. Lithium niobate optical modulators: Devices and applications Near-field enhancement of optical second harmonic generation in hybrid Integrated lithium niobate photonics is a promising platform for the development of high-performance chip-scale optical systems, but getting a laser onto a lithium niobate chip has proved to be one of the biggest design challenges, saidMarko Loncar, the Tiantsai Lin Professor of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics at SEAS and senior author of the study. Chen, L., Xu, Q., Wood, M. G. & Reano, R. M. Hybrid silicon and lithium niobate electro-optical ring modulator. Such a supercell of metasurface is constructed by two kinds of finite-sized arrays possessing different topological properties via the generalized two-dimensional (2D . The modulators are manufactured upon a commercial x-cut lithium niobate on isolator (LNOI) wafer (NANOLN) with a thin-film LN thickness of 500 nm, which is bonded to a buried silica (SiO 2) layer on a 500-m-thick silicon (Si) substrate. Silicon optical modulators. Electron. Technol. and M.L. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. A. A variety of approaches have been explored for this purpose, including plasmonic structures29,30, slotted dielectric waveguides10, photonic micro-/nanoresonators6,31, etc. Lithium niobate piezo-optomechanical crystals. Open Access C.W. IEEE J. Sel. & Smith, B. J. Bandwidth manipulation of quantum light by an electro-optic time lens. They are close to those of a conventional Mach-Zehnder modulator with a straight modulation section. In this research, we used all the nano-fabrication tricks and techniques learned from previous developments in integrated lithium niobate photonics to overcome those challenges and achieve the goal of integrating a high-powered laser on a thin-film lithium niobate platform.. 27), which is about 22fJ per bit in our EOM. Express 26, 15471555 (2018). Thanks to the strong light confinement, we are able to place the electrode fairly close to the cavity without introducing extra optical loss (Fig. Loncar is a cofounder of HyperLight Corporation, a startup which was launched to commercialize integrated photonic chips based on certain innovations developed in his lab. The device also exhibits a second-order TE-like cavity mode \({\mathrm{{TE}}}_{01}^{1}\) (Fig. The high efficiency of electro-optic tuning together with the high optical quality of the EOM resonator enables efficient electrical driving of the optical mode into different dynamic regimes. 1a). The modulators enable efficient electro-optic driving of high-Q photonic cavity modes in both adiabatic and non-adiabatic regimes, and allow us to achieve electro-optic switching at 11 Gb s1 with a bit-switching energy as low as 22 fJ. Weigel, P. O. et al. Liang, H., Luo, R., He, Y., Jiang, H. & Lin, Q. 2 High-speed measurement set-ups. Qiang Lin. Integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators operating at CMOS-compatible voltages. Nature Communications (Nat Commun) Rao, A. et al. The electrodes are designed to have a length of 30m to ensure a full coverage of the applied electric field over the entire photonic-crystal structure. Optica 6, 14981505 (2019). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Liu et al. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Sun, C. et al. In the past decade, photonic-crystal EOMs have been developed on various material platforms such as silicon32,33,34, GaAs35, InP36, polymers37,38, ITO39, etc. Nat. Ayata, M. et al. Waveguide-integrated, ultralow-energy GeSi electro-absorption modulators. Topics Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Here, we present a heterogeneously integrated EOM based on the lithium niobate-on-insulator (LNOI) platform. Among various device geometries, photonic-crystal nanoresonators are particularly beneficial in this regard, given their exceptional capability of controlling light confinement and lightmatter interactions on the sub-wavelength scale. How Lithium Niobate Modulator Helps in Meeting Telecommunication Needs 7b, c implies that the EOM could operate at higher bit rates, which will left for future demonstration. We provide a standard modulator package, as well as customized modulator chips, packages and services for integration . IEEE J. Sel. The RF driving power is 16mW. Rev. HDTRA11810047); and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) under Agreement No. The energy efficiency of the LN photonic-crystal EOM can be further improved since our current devices are not optimized. Nat. & Thomson, D. J. Opt. wrote the manuscript with contribution from all authors. Lett. Spatio-temporal isolator in lithium niobate on insulator The cavity mode exhibits an extremely small electro-optic modal volume of 1.52(/n)3~0.58m3 (where n is the refractive index of LN). Cite this article. Lett. Li, M., Ling, J., He, Y. et al. J. Lightwave Technol. For the application of high-speed electro-optic switching, our simulations show that the electrode-waveguide spacing can be decreased to 1.5m for an optical Q of ~5000 (corresponding to a modulation bandwidth of ~45GHz), which will improve the modulation efficiency to 2.38GHzV1 (simulation details in Methods). The modulator utilizes spiral-shaped optical waveguides on Z-cut lithium niobate and the preeminent electro-optic effect which is applied using top and bottom electrodes. 1d) to maximize the in-plane electric field Ez, while preventing potential loss induced by metal absorption, which results in a significant electro-optic tuning efficiency of 1.81GHzV1, simulated by the finite element method (see Methods for simulation details). The gray regions represents the 3-dB bandwidth limit for two devices, respectively, and the dashed line indicates the 3-dB limit of S21. A variety of approaches have been employed for electro-optic modulation, such as carrier plasma dispersion6,7, electro-absorption8,9, and Pockels effect1,10, the latter of which is particularly interesting since the Pockels effect offers an ultrafast and pure refractive-index modulation over an extremely broad optical spectrum while without introducing extra loss. For example, the capacitance of our device can be significantly decreased since the majority of the metallic parts in the current devices are used for coupling the RF driving signal, which can be removed in a future on-chip integration design. The research is published in the journal Optica. Quantum frequency conversion and single-photon detection with lithium niobate nanophotonic chips, Integrating planar photonics for multi-beam generation and atomic clock packaging on chip, Sub-1 Volt and high-bandwidth visible to near-infrared electro-optic modulators, http://www.fujitsu.com/jp/group/foc/en/products/optical-devices/100gln/, http://eospace.com/pdf/EOSPACEbriefProductInfo2017.pdf, https://www.thorlabs.com/newgrouppage9.cfm?objectgroup_id=3948, https://doi.org/10.1109/CSICS.2015.7314513. Its a building block that can be integrated into larger optical systems for a range of applications, in sensing, lidar, and data telecommunications.. 6, 6982 (2000). Wood, M. G. et al. The LN photonic-crystal nanobeam has a width of w=1200nm, layer thickness of t=300nm, and a partially etched wing layer with a thickness of 150nm. Monolithic silicon photonic integrated circuits for compact 100+Gb/s coherent optical receivers and transmitters. Shambat, G. et al. Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. The current generation of lithium niobate modulators are bulky, expensive, limited in bandwidth and require high drive voltages, and thus are unable to reach the full potential of the material. Thomson, D. J. et al. 7a. Photon. Top. Quantum Electron. Quantum prospects for hybrid thin-film lithium niobate on silicon Opt. The broad modulation bandwidth of these devices would thus enable high-speed electro-optic switching. Here we overcome these limitations and demonstrate monolithically integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators that feature a CMOS-compatible drive voltage, support data rates up to 210 gigabits per second and show an on-chip optical loss of less than 0.5 decibels. PubMed Appl. Article Mercante, A. J. et al. LiNbO. Javid, U. http://www.fujitsu.com/jp/group/foc/en/products/optical-devices/100gln/, Eospace 2017 Advanced Products. Thin-Film Lithium Niobate Modulator Sets New Performance Records 13, 1800228 (2019). Lithium niobate photonic-crystal electro-optic modulator Cai, L. et al. Our traveling-wave design and advanced index-matching technologies enable optical response over the entire millimeter-wave spectrum (up to 300 GHz). 1f. Lithium niobate photonic-crystal electro-optic modulator, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-17950-7. We are also able to achieve high-speed electro-optic switching of at 11Gbs1, with switching energy as low as 22fJ per bit. This work demonstrates the first (to the best of our knowledge) thin film lithium niobate electro-optic modulator operating at a wavelength of 1064 nm. High-speed Pockels modulation and second-order nonlinearities are key components in optical systems, but CMOS-compatible platforms like silicon and silicon nitride lack these capabilities. npj Quantum Information a is the lattice constant. This work is supported in part by National Science Foundation (NSF) (EFMA-1641099, ECCS-1810169, and ECCS-1842691); the Defense Threat Reduction Agency-Joint Science and Technology Office for Chemical and Biological Defense (grant No. IEEE J. Sel. Appl. All of these applications require chip-scale electro-optic modulators that operate at voltages compatible with complementary metaloxidesemiconductor (CMOS) technology, have ultra-high electro-optic bandwidths and feature very low optical losses. Topics: To obtain Article Due to the high permittivity of LN at radio frequency, the commonly used full surrounding air cladding43,45,46 is not suitable for EOM since it would significantly reduce the coupling between the optical and electric fields. a Full SEM image of the whole-device structure. Optica Publishing Group on Twitter: "View Spotlight analysis of the # & Lin, Q. Quantum correlations from dynamically modulated optical nonlinear interactions. Recently, heterogeneously integrated silicon and lithium niobate (Si/LN) optical modulators have demonstrated attractive overall performance in terms of optical loss, drive voltage, and modulation bandwidth. Now, researchers from the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) in collaboration with industry partners at Freedom Photonics and HyperLight Corporation, have developed the first fully integrated high-power laser on a lithium niobate chip, paving the way for high-powered telecommunication systems. We thank J. Khan for discussions on the LN platform, H. Majedi for help with the equipment, and C. Reimer, S. Bogdanovi, L. Shao and B. Desiatov for feedback on the manuscript. 1e) to achieve a critical coupling. For example, LNOI phase modulators with relatively low Opt. Configuration of the FDTD simulation. The 0.8 m lithium niobate layer Now, researchers from the Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences (SEAS) in collaboration with industry partners at Freedom Photonics and HyperLight Corporation, have developed the first fully integrated high-power laser on a lithium niobate chip, paving the way for high-powered telecommunication systems, fully integrated spectrometers, optical remote sensing, and efficient frequency conversion for quantum networks, among other applications. . Wolf, S. et al. This phenomenon is shown more clearly in Fig. ADS Gap denotes the spacing between the gold electrode and the LN cavity, and tw denotes the thickness of the waveguide wing layer. Enhanced electro-optic lithium niobate photonic crystal wire waveguide on a smart-cut thin film. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles CAS Dong, P. et al. Express 23, 2352623550 (2015). 6, 6982 (2000). Laser Photonics Rev. 8c). supervised the project. This is a typical signature of resonance modulation in the sideband-unresolved regime, where the cavity resonance follows adiabatically the electric driving signal in a sinusoidal fashion, resulting in a broadened average transmission spectrum (Fig. One-dimensional photonic-crystal nanobeams exhibit exceptional capability of controlling light confinement. and JavaScript. Shakoor, A. et al. Photon. The fully on-chip design achieves a full-swing extinction ratio of 11.5dB. Google Scholar. As such, the photonic-crystal mirror on the right side of the defect cavity is designed to be of 100% reflection, while that on the left side has decreased number of holes (Fig. Opt. 1a), where an injector section (Fig. Micro-transfer printing of thin-film lithium niobate offers a solution, but suspending large areas of thin films for long interaction lengths and high-Q resonators is challenging, resulting in a low transfer . Essentially, only the 10-m long point-defect cavity requires electric driving to achieve electro-optic modulation. The demonstration of energy efficient and high-speed electro-optic modulation at the wavelength scale paves a crucial foundation for realizing large-scale LN photonic integrated circuits that are of immense importance for broad applications in data communication, microwave photonics, and quantum photonics. Zhang, M. et al. Compact MZI modulators on thin film Z-cut lithium niobate Electro-optically (EO) tunable metasurfaces have received considerable attention owing to their capability for dynamic light field control. Nature Wafer-scale heterogeneous integration of thin film lithium niobate on Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) modulator can be regarded as a technology platform that can add values to optical networks and is suitable for addressing many issues. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0551-y, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0551-y. Res. Wooten, E. L. et al. It has a bias control section that integrates with a tap monitor for stable operation. 4, 518526 (2010). 1541959. 1d and8a). VOA variable optical attenuator, MZI MachZehnder interferometer, EDFA erbium-doped fiber amplifier, BPF bandpass filter, MNA, microwave network analyzer, PRBS pseudo-random binary sequence source. PubMed Central Femtojoule electro-optic modulation using a siliconorganic hybrid device. Nature thanks M. Hochberg and the other anonymous reviewer(s) for their contribution to the peer review of this work. Figure8b, c shows the numerically simulated tuning efficiency and the corresponding optical Q, respectively. Here, we report an EO lithium niobate metasurface mediated by topological corner states. However, the dielectric constant of LN is ~28 at a microwave frequency, much larger than that of air. Wang, C. et al. Google Scholar. Google Scholar. External modulator is typically either a LiNbO3 modulator or an electroabsorptive modulator. 1 Ultra-high-linearity integrated lithium niobate electro-optic modulators Hanke Feng1, Ke 1Zhang1, Wenzhao Sun , Yangming Ren2,3, Yiwen Zhang1, Wenfu Zhang2,3 & Cheng Wang1* 1Department ofElectricalEngineering&StateKeyLaboratory TerahertzandMillimeterWaves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China 2Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences . In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Figure7a shows the electro-optic modulation response of the device (blue curve), which exhibits a 3-dB modulation bandwidth up to around 17.5GHz. Jin, S., Xu, L., Zhang, H. & Li, Y. LiNbO3 thin-film modulators using silicon nitride surface ridge waveguides. ISSN 0028-0836 (print). Introduction to Lithium Niobate - Academic Accelerator Thorlabs.com - Free-Space Electro-Optic Modulators ADS Sci. c Detailed spectrum (blue) with RF driving signal at 2.0GHz with a power of 16mW. e Lattice constant a as a function of position, which is optimized for low insertion loss together with high radiation-limited optical Q. f Top view of the FEM-simulated optical mode field profile of the fundamental TE-like cavity mode \({\mathrm{{TE}}}_{01}^{0}\). Over 67GHz bandwidth and 1.5V InP-based optical IQ modulator with nipn heterostructure. C.W., M.Z. The sub-wavelength-scale EOM cavity enables compact optoelectronic integration to achieve not only a high electro-optic tuning efficiency up to 16.0pmV1 (corresponding to 1.98GHzV1) that is significantly beyond other LN EOM resonators13,14,15,16,18,19,23,26, but also a large modulation bandwidth up to 17.5GHz that reaches the photon-lifetime limit of the EOM cavity. Opt. Optical and RF characterization of a lithium niobate photonic crystal modulator. Opt. carried out the device characterization. 6a). Nat. increased the EO modulation efficiency to a voltage-length product of 1.75 Vcm using a shallowly etched lithium niobate waveguide. The modulators have an SMA RF input, which is directly compatible with . Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. When the modulation frequency is below 1.0GHz, The transmission spectrum remains fairly similar regardless of modulation frequency, as expected from the adiabatic driving discussed above. Open Access articles citing this article. As an example, a gap of ~1.5m would not only result in an optical Q of ~5000 that helps increase the operation bandwidth to ~45GHz, but also improve the electro-optic tuning efficiency by about 31% to 2.38GHzV1, as highlighted in blue in Fig. Express 26, 2372823739 (2018). 38, 33383345 (2020). conceived the experiment. Lett. PSI offers ultra-high-speed lithium niobate phase modulators. Although attempts have been made to explore the electro-optic effect in LN photonic crystals40,41,42, the low device quality and poor optoelectronic integration unfortunately limit seriously the operation speed. Guarino, A., Poberaj, G., Rezzonico, D., GeglInnocenti, R. & Gnter, P. Electro-optically tunable microring resonators in lithium niobate. Aoki, M. et al. Extended Data Fig. If you find something abusive or that does not comply with our terms or guidelines please flag it as inappropriate. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA, Mingxiao Li,Jingwei Ling,Yang He&Qiang Lin, Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA, You can also search for this author in Nat. Light Sci. The 50-m width of the electrode (Fig. A 10-Gbit/s lithium niobate intensity module provides chirp-free modulation at 1550 nm. Google Scholar. 42.25.p. Low V silicon photonics modulators with highly linear epitaxially grown phase shifters. Top. The region highlighted in red is the electrode used to drive the photonic-crystal nanoresonator. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Compact 1D-silicon photonic crystal electro-optic modulator operating with ultra-low switching voltage and energy. Wang, C., Zhang, M., Chen, X. et al. In 2015 Optical Fiber Communications Conference and Exhibition 13 (2015); https://doi.org/10.1364/OFC.2015.Th4E.3. OBrien, J. L. Optical quantum computing. A 100, 043811 (2019). To date, it remains an open challenge in realizing a high-speed and energy-efficient modulator at the wavelength scale on the monolithic LN platform. Input Requirements LiNbO 3 b, High-speed data modulation set-up. Express 21, 2700327010 (2013). IEEE Photon. & Fan, S. Complete optical isolation created by indirect interband photonic transitions. 41, 57005703 (2016). Photon. The data sets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding authors on reasonable request. Further increase of the modulation frequency shifts apart the two side lobes accordingly, with amplitude decreased, while the position of the center lobe remains unchanged, as expected from the non-adiabatic driving. Integrated lithium niobate photonics is a promising platform for the development of high-performance chip-scale optical systems, but getting a laser onto a lithium niobate chip has proved to be one of the biggest design challenges, said, , the Tiantsai Lin Professor of Electrical Engineering and Applied Physics at SEAS and senior author of the study. When the modulation frequency is increased to 2.0GHz greater than the cavity linewidth, the cavity is too slow to follow the electro-optic modulation, which results in the frequency conversion of photons into sidebands with frequency separation equal to the modulation frequency. b The structure of the unit cell (top: top view; bottom: cross-sectional view). High-speed electro-optic modulation underlies many important applications ranging from optical communication1, microwave photonics2, computing3, frequency metrology4 to quantum photonics5. High-Production-Rate Fabrication of Low-Loss Lithium Niobate Electro b Zoom-in image of the photonic-crystal resonator and electrodes, corresponding to the dashed rectangular region in a. c Further zoom-in image showing the detailed structure of the photonic-crystal defects cavity, corresponding to the dashed rectangular region in b. 8b, c. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. The key modulation waveguide structure is a field-enhanced slot waveguide formed by embedding silicon nanowires in a thin-film lithium niobate (LN), which is different from the previously . In the current EOMs shown above, light is coupled into and out of the EOMs via a same side of the cavity, which is not convenient in practice since a circulator is required to separate the modulated light for the laser input. This Perspective discusses and compares several different approaches to the design of high-bandwidth, low-voltage electro-optic devices, such as Mach-Zehnder modulators, made using thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) and strategies for their incorporation as part of a larger photonic integrated circuit (PIC). Photonics 4, 518526 (2010). High-speed Femto-Joule per bit silicon-conductive oxide nanocavity modulator. Thin film lithium niobate electro-optic modulator with terahertz operating bandwidth. Internet Explorer). Poberaj, G., Hu, H., Sohler, W. & Gnter, P. Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) for micro-photonic devices. Silicon-Lithium Niobate Hybrid Intensity and Coherent Modulators Using Full Text electro optic modulator 10.1109/LPT.2021.3056913. & Fathpour, S. Compact lithium niobate electrooptic modulators. Bryan Kelly on Twitter: "RT @OpticaPubsGroup: View Spotlight analysis To support on-chip integration, light is coupled to the EOM cavity via an on-chip waveguide (Fig. J. Lightwave Technol. Appl. Broadband electro-optic frequency comb generation in a lithium niobate microring resonator. Open Access The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. performed numerical simulations. Boyd, R. W. Nonlinear Optics (Academic, Cambridge, 2003). 2, red box) is used primarily for impedance matching to the large metal pad for probe contact, which can be decreased to 3m for a fully on-chip operation36. The laser wavelength is scanned at a repetition rate of ~15Hz, so we primarily monitored the time-averaged cavity transmission. They are also expected to be building blocks for emerging applications such as quantum photonics5,6 and non-reciprocal optics7,8. This can be changed simply by engineering the photonic-crystal mirror on the other side to function as the output port. Although the breaking of the mirror symmetry along the normal direction of the device plane considerably alters the band gap of the photonic crystal (Fig. Reference [18] has recently emerged as a promising approach to realize integrated EO modulators with stronger optical connement and high EO efciencies while occupying a smaller footprint [4], [19]-[22]. Electro-optic modulators translate high-speed electronic signals into the optical domain and are critical components in modern telecommunication networks1,2 and microwave-photonic systems3,4. Opt. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. a, Set-up for measuring the modulator electro-optic responses from 35GHz to 100GHz. Chen, L., Wood, M. G. & Reano, R. M. 12.5 pm/V hybrid silicon and lithium niobate optical microring resonator with integrated electrodes. Mercante, A. J. et al. For LN, however, the EOMs developed so far1,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26 generally exhibit significant dimensions, leading to significant power required to drive the EOMs. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution. Femtofarad optoelectronic integration demonstrating energy-saving signal conversion and nonlinear functions. 27 March 2023, Receive 51 print issues and online access, Get just this article for as long as you need it, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout. Light Sci. Q.L. 5, 425429 (2011). Our EO modulators use MgO-doped lithium niobate for high power operation. Laser. Google Scholar. Shen, Y. et al. M.Z. Nature (Nature) Bonded thin film lithium niobate modulator on a silicon photonics platform exceeding 100 GHz 3-dB electrical modulation bandwidth. 6b). M.L., J.L., and S.X. The authors declare no competing interests. 42.70.a. Here the modulator is analyzed in a dual-drive design shown in Figure 1 (where V1 = -V2). Nat. 1c), optimization of the photonic potential via an appropriate pattern of lattice constant (Fig. 3). supervised the project. On the other hand, the 30-m length of the electrode is overly conservative since it covers the full length of photonic-crystal structure including the injector, mirrors, and the cavity (Figs. Di Zhu, and Mengjie Yu, from SEAS, Hannah R. Grant, Leif Johansson from Freedom Photonics and Lingyan He and Mian Zhang from HyperLight Corporation. Nat. The measured electrical BER is 3.6105, limited by the signal distortion from the electronic circuit. Optica 1, 112118 (2014). Correspondence to Advanced optical modulation formats. A review of lithium niobate modulators for fiber-optic communications systems. & Thomson, D. J. 14 April 2023, Light: Science & Applications

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