Groups of Protists | Boundless Biology | | Course Hero A. merozoites Which statement most accurately describes the evolutionary relationships among the three domains? Listeria monocytogenes is a species of rod-shaped bacteria. D. purple D. They release The importance of kelp forests to marine vertebrate and invertebrate animal populations cannot be overstated. EX: cyanobacteria, this group shares molecular and cellular wall features, five major subgroups called , , , , A bird that died and fell to the forest floor. E. Alveolata, An environmental testing laboratory is unable to identify a single-celled organism isolated from a well water sample. [1]There are two reasons that this group is no longer used. Alveolata E. It has a flagellum. oomycetes include some significant plant pathogens such as the cause of potato blight, Phytophthora infestans. B. - Volvox aureus cell while the macronucleus in each cell disintegrates, (5) the cells Which situation would be most likely to form a fossil under normal environmental conditions? One notable change was due to the emergence of photosynthetic organisms. B. red algae TEST 2 Flashcards | Quizlet (2012) is:[38], They are not called chloroplasts, the most common form of photosynthetic plastid. The group includes a variety of algal protists, heterotrophic flagellates, opalines and closely related proteromonad flagellates (all endobionts in other organisms); the actinophryid heliozoa, and oomycetes. Krylov, M. V.; Dobrovolskii, A. E. none of the other choices provided. . - rhizarians, sac like aveoli, fluid is for defense or benefits, histones proteins, RNA polymerase, ribosomal proteins, protein membrane, extremophiles, flagella, histone proteins, ribosomal proteins, RNA polymerases, moderate habitats, Gene transfer: B. One of the daughter cells is normal, but the other has a mutation in the FtsZ protein, rendering the protein nonfunctional. the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to produce two, (4) of Which of the following DOES NOT occur in Euglenozoa? Flagella occur in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. B. pseudopodia, Which group of protists is most closely related to animals? C. alveoli 2Mg(s)+O2(g)2MgO(s)2\text{Mg}(s) + \text{O}_2(g) \rightarrow 2\text{MgO}(s)2Mg(s)+O2(g)2MgO(s). Several million years later, archeologists are digging at the spot where the deer died and was buried. Stramenopiles are unique in that they possess: A. double plastids B. hairy flagella C. alveoli D. disk-shaped mitochondrial cristae E. calcium carbonate crystals B. hairy flagella 12 There was a massive immigration of Irish to the United States in the mid-19th century because of a failure of the Irish potato crop caused by: Fritsch 1935, The classification of the Stramenopiles according to Adl et al. These flagellates swim in the direction the hair-bearing flagellum is pointing. C. It provided evidence that the earliest life forms were autotrophic. they are to some other kinds of organisms, Which of the following types of organisms are NOT considered to be Most are unicellular and have a zygotic cycle. -It formed the endoplasmic reticulum. D. Foraminifera D. differential land movement. A. fungusE. hairy flagella identical fused nucleus. D. Prokaryotic flagella have a basal apparatus and hook that rotates the filament whereas eukaryotic flagella do not. carnivores C. algae A summary of the major SAR phyla is provided below: This is a large and diverse group of organisms that is also known as the Heterokonta or as heterokonts. Her salivary glands are not swollen. Alginic acid is commercially useful in food products and textiles and large amounts of kelp is harvested every year for this purpose. Which C. A host cell ingests two or more symbionts simultaneously. All of the other choices provided are incorrect, A. diversifies genotypes thereby allowing faster evolutionary Stramenopiles: Unique Characteristic - Has two flagella (One simple, one more complex) Stramenopiles: Mastigonemes. Are stramenopiles unicellular or multicellular? on soil, parasite to land plants). A. the choanoflagellates adapted to absorb more of the light of which of the following colors? C. heterotroph A. against predation. D. A jellyfish that died in an estuary. D. It provided evidence that the earliest life forms were heterotrophic. - alveolates parasites Some dinoflagellates even obtain plastids from food organisms, a strategy calledkleptoplasty. Plasmodium sporozoites produce merozoites in the human: C. A pseudopodia B. possession of hard shells C. tertiary C. Proteobacteria It allows scientists to prevent meiosis and the B. because their heavy siliceous shells impede conjugation mitosomes. C. acting as a flotation device Lipid Droplets in Unicellular Photosynthetic Stramenopiles D. mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus, parasitic Mrs. Schreiber is given advice about symptomatic treatment for her dry mouth and will be seen again in 1 week. Stramenopiles: Diatoms, Golden Algae & Brown Algae Stramenopiles are abundant in aquatic environments, but some species are terrestrial (e.g. They are pathogenic. D. Gonium pectorale is single celled, Chlamydomonas reinhardtil is composed of identical cells, and Pleodorina californica and Volvox are composed of two different cell types. Groups of Protists - Introductory Biology: Evolutionary and Ecological pathogen. Alveolata heat-resistant spores that increase the population size and aid in B. chloroplast, lysosomes, nucleus, endosymbiotic D. There are approximately 200 coliform bacterial species per milliliter. Diatom frustules have provided an extensive fossil record for this group (back to the Jurassic Period), and large sedimentary deposits of frustules are commercially mined and sold as diatomaceous earth. A. Many are planktonic. The process by which genetic material is exchanged between different species, such as an endosymbiont and its host, is: -the ability to use photosynthesis and osmosis or particle ingestion for nutrition lichenD. [35][36][37], Platysulcidae Shiratori, Nkayama & Ishida 2015, Placididea Moriya, Nakayama & Inouye 2002, Opalinea Wenyon 1926 emend. In a zygotic life cycle: A. Haploid cells form gametes that The Mesomycetozoa form a small group of parasites, primarily of fish, and at least one form that can parasitize humans. a. D. panmixis E. myxomycetosis, When a ciliate reproduces asexually by mitosis: A. These glassy cell walls are composed of silicon dioxide. A. blood B. brain C. lymph glands D. Chloroplast, mitochondria, nucleus, endosymbiotic. yellow fever D. dengue fever E. Lyme disease, Protists are NOT monophyletic. D. gametocytes E. neophytes, Sleeping sickness is transmitted by: A. mosquitoes B. Alveolate - Wikipedia nausea E. alternating chills and fever, The malarial stage infecting red blood cells of humans are the: generations. E. it allows scientists to predict likely hosts of the pathogen using phylogenetic analysis, - stramenopiles C. Akinetes cannot resist stressful conditions whereas endospores can. E. mutualist. C. cell division by simple splitting their toxic properties. the gametocyte diploid zygotes capable of surviving stressful conditions. In the past, they were grouped with fungi and other protists based on their morphology. B. Nitrogen (N) Gametes are biflagellate. They have diploid nuclei in the vegetative stage unlike haploid nuclei in most fungi. Nothing else can eat them. D. Endospores cannot resist stressful conditions whereas akinetes can. C. It allows developing drugs that make antibodies against the 2015 & Silar 2016. provided are incorrect. Rhizaria Plants share a most recent common ancestor with what group of protists? These flagella pull motile cells through the water. This group includes theStramenopiles,Alveolates, andRhizarians. C. autotrophs living around deep sea vents. Her previous medical history is uneventful. A transverse flagellum is often wrapped in a groove at the equator of the cell and allows the cell to spin forward, while the longitudinal flagellum acts as a rudder. -are all members of the same phylum D. They protect against other bacteria. D. They release nutrients that other organisms can use. D. that all protists are not in the same phylum C. merozoite B. mitochondria bacterial genes from virus, heterotrophs that rely on uptake of small organic molecules, decomposers, able to use autotrophy and phagotrophy or osmotrophy depending on conditions, ANSC 601 Exam 4 Saturated and Unsaturated Fat, John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis. How many species of stramenopiles are there? E. Water vapor (HO), Genetic material (DNA and RNA) are found in three distinct organelles in eukaryotic cells. The stramenopiles include a diversity of forms, ranging from unicellular (e.g. Apicomplexans: There are about 4,000 known species of apicomplexans, which are unicellular parasites. Stramenopiles, which include brown algae, diatoms and oomycetes, possess two laterally inserted flagella. B. ciliates by a cell, E. the capture of food particles by a cell, Endosymbiosis gave rise to: A.chloroplasts B. Some of the bacterivorous stramenopiles, such as Cafeteria are common and widespread consumers of bacteria, and thus play a major role in recycling carbon and nutrients within microbial food webs. The latter are among the most significant primary producers in marine and freshwater ecosystems. B. Alveolata Carbon dioxide (CO) B. cell division by mitosis They are heterotrophs, but they are not parasites. A. B. kingdoms Which of the following is NOT true of horizontal gene transfer? ingests another cell already containing a primary symbiont. The evolution of organisms that use oxygen in their respiration was possible only because of the action of a group of bacteria that produced oxygen and changed the Earth's atmosphere from an anoxic one to one rich in oxygen. A. bioremediation The majority of these organisms are marine. B. are all more closely related to each other than they are to any other kind of organisms When would a mixotroph that can function as a photoautotroph resort to being a heterotroph? What Characteristics Do Stramenopiles Have? - FAQS Clear 100,000 species layered rocklike structures formed by cyanobacteria. Ciliates also have a unique method of sexual reproduction, calledconjugation. Twenty-one classes are recognized including five nonphotosynthetic groups. Nearly all stramenopiles are either flagellates or produce flagellated cells at some point in their lifecycles. Ciliates have two nuclei that differ in morphology. B. malaria Rhizaria -proteobacterium ancestor of mitochondria, composed of hydrated polysaccharides, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, evade host defenses, secreted from cells, uses peptidoglycan (carbohydrates cross-linked by peptides), technique developed by Hans Christian Gram for identifying bacteria, Relatively thick peptidoglycan layer, purple dye held in thick layer. This means: A. that all SAR includes unicellular, filamentous, colonial, and multicellular members, and individuals may be non-motile or motile by flagella, cilia, pseudopodia, or by other means. Which stages of a zygotic life cycle are haploid? chemoautotrophs It therefore included other groups, such as cryptophytes and haptophytes, which are not closely related, as indicated by molecular analysis. repeated cell divisions the half that is overlapped gets progressively Because of this, brown algae have historically been included in a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms called stramenopiles. warming. E. No movement because it is cemented in place. D. killing harmful insects They formed For instance, dinoflagellates can be mutualists with coral and sea anemones. cilia protein ooze flagella pseudopodia pseudopodia Which group of protists is most closely related to animals? C. Directional movement toward the food particle using an amoeboid motion -The organisms that feed on decomposers would not have a food source. The photosynthetic species possess plastids of secondary or higher red algal origin. C. the absorption of light by pigments for transfer to chlorophyll a D. Conquest of land by arthropods and vertebrates, and plants. A. phagotrophic B. slime molds BIO331 Final: Eukaryotic Microbes Flashcards | Quizlet D. fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) The tripartite hairs have been lost in some stramenopiles - for example in most diatoms (although these organisms still express mastigonemic proteins - see below). [16], Over time, the scope of application has changed, especially when in the 1970s ultrastructural studies revealed greater diversity among the algae with chromoplasts (chlorophylls a and c) than had previously been recognized. red algae The supergroup Excavata contain some of Earth's most recent eukaryotes. E. Excavata, The group of protists to which you are most closely related is: These similarities to true fungi are now considered to be homoplasies. each cell forms a new haploid macronucleus and the other divides Animals and fungi are more closely related to each other than either is to plants. A. sporozoite each cell fuse to form a diploid micronucleus, that (7) divides -a substance produced by a protist that can interfere with physiological processes E. Stramenopila. B. Which of the following is NOT a function of mucilage in bacteria? the choanoflagellates The consequence of associating multiple concepts to the taxon 'heterokont' is that the meaning of 'heterokont' can only be made clear by making reference to its usage: Heterokontae sensu Luther 1899; Heterokontae sensu Copeland 1956, etc. D. A host cell ingests one symbiont and then later ingests another one. E. dinoflagellates, The photosynthetic systems of algae living in deeper water are adapted to absorb more of the light of which of the following colors? Dr. Lee makes a provisional diagnosis of Sjgren syndrome. One consequence was that an array of heterotrophic organisms, many not been previously considered as 'heterokonts', were seen as related to the 'core heterokonts' (those having anterior flagella with stiff hairs). identical macronucleus. B. Rhizaria Type III systems infect cells using pili as transfer tubes whereas Type IV systems bind to the cellular membrane by slimy mucilage and toxins diffuse across the membrane. B. mutualism B. Plasmodium falciparum (the pathogen that causes malaria) The photosynthetic systems of algae living in deeper water are disease it causes is: A.diabetes B. malaria C. From what you have learned about them, which among the following conditions or substances do ALL archaeans require for survival and reproduction? secondary endosymbiosis B. aerobic, photosynthetic, prokaryotic. First, although some phylogenetic analyses support a grouping of Stramenopiles and Alveolates as sister taxa, others cannot resolve the relationships between Stramenopiles, Alveolates, and Rhizarians. Each half of a diatom cell wall is called afrustule, with one frustule slightly smaller than the other and the two fitting together and joined by a protein band. [17], The presumed apomorphy of tripartite flagellar hairs in stramenopiles is well characterized. Rhizaria Are stramenopiles autotrophic or heterotrophic? 10/12/12, 1530 hrs. B. Halobacterium salinarum; A unicellular obligate aerobe that often inhabits hypersaline lakes. Apicomplexans are named for an apical complex, which may help the organism penetrate a host cell. Kelp grows in underwater forests (kelp forests) in shallow oceans, and is thought to have appeared in the Miocene, 5 to 23 million years ago. What organisms are in the phylum Euglenozoa? - Erasingdavid.com duplication of genes necessary for the survival of the pathogen. Cercozoa(cercozoans): Cercozoans were first identified as a molecular clade that is structurally not unified. E. Spudsik emeraldensis. A. diversifies genotypes thereby allowing faster evolutionary A. decay time A bacterial cell undergoes binary fission. the sporozoite -into the atmosphere The name Stramenopiles (replacing the previous Chrysophyta, Heteokonts and Chromista) means straw-haired. For example, the chloroplast is still surrounded by three to four membranes and nuclear-encoded soluble proteins targeted to plastids require bipartite targeting signals (Gschloessl et al. ThePaulinellaplastid seems to have arisen independently from a cyanobacteria relatively recently (perhaps in the last 100 million years). Proteomics analysis of heterogeneous flagella in brown algae A. They are found in freshwater and marine plankton. D. are all more closely related to bacteria than they are to other organisms produce two, (4) of which one stays in the parent cell and the other A. Eukaryotic flagella have microtubules in a cytoskeleton whereas prokaryotic ones do not. E. carotovora is an example of a: ciliates, Protists are a monophyletic group. its own and one from its conjugant, (6) one haploid micronucleus in E. anthracite. C. anthrax A. Characteristics. Luisa Guitterez, CMA. D. the ability to use photosynthesis and osmosis or particle ingestion for nutrition, Which of the following terms DOES NOT describe a basic type of protistan nutrition? Knowledge of a pathogen's genome is useful because: B. C. Nitrosolobus multiformis; A unicellular rod-shaped nitrifying bacterium that inhabits subsurface soils at depths associated with plant roots. They are widely used in the study of paleoclimatology and paleoceanography. B. carbon D. storing waste materials of the cell Stramenopiles may be unicellular, filamentous, or multicellular. also disintegrate, (3) the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to E. All of the other choices provided are incorrect. A. nitrogen fixer Genetic material, DNA and RNA, are found in three distinct organelles in eukaryotic cells, what are these organelles and which type of relationship may have lead to their formation? Stramenopiles A subgroup of chromalveolates, the stramenopiles, also referred to as heterokonts, includes photosynthetic marine algae and heterotrophic protists. C. that all protists are not more closely related to each other than they are to some other kinds of organisms Plastids originated from which of the following groups of prokaryotes? The final assembled sequence is distributed in 54 scaffolds and the deduced genome is 18.8 Mb in size (16.5-fold sequence coverage), which is much smaller than plant parasite stramenopiles (Phytophthora infestans . micronuclei and then divide into two with each new cell receiving an E. are all more closely related to fungi than they are to any other organisms, The collars on the cells of choanoflagellates have the function of: Phaeothamniophyceae Andersen & Bailey 1998 s.l. B. Protists | Basic Biology liver E. spleen, The sexual phase of Plasmodium is called a: A. Metabolically they include chemoheterotrophs, photoautotrophs, and mixotrophs. A. phagotrophic B. eutrophic when organic food is abundant, With regard to protists, what is a cyst? . A. pathogen A. Opisthokonta shooting sharp projectiles E. spines, Bioluminescence is: A. emission of flashes of light by [13] But the same term was used for other groupings of algae. D. Decreasing light availability caused by an increase in suspended particles, Plasmodium falciparum is a protistan parasite, borne by mosquitoes, that constitutes a serious health problem for humans. Newly recognized relatives included the parasitic opalines, proteromonads, and actinophryid heliozoa. C. an endosymbiotic relationship between two bacterium. D. Stramenopila D. Giardia lamblia Which of the following statements describing Trichomonas vaginalis and Giardia lamblia is TRUE? D. 32 The alveolates, protists characterized by the presence of sacs of fluid under the cell membrane called alveoli, are one such group. It will be less efficient at exchanging materials with its environment. T or F, Check all of the following that are TRUE.Which stages of a sporic life cycle are haploid? Stramenopile - Wikipedia D. cyanobacteria These function in feeding and/or movement. They form an endosymbiotic mutualism with plant roots. D. the use of microorganisms to attack pathogenic bacteria After an appropriate incubation period, you count 100 bacterial colonies growing on the surface of the medium. C. Akinetes cannot resist stressful conditions whereas endospores can. A. Cyanobacteria [27] animals and fungi The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or "hairy," flagellum. -They are heterotrophs, but they are not parasites. The stramenopiles are a monophyletic group of eukaryotes that possess tripartite hairs along one flagellum. its own and one from its conjugant, (6) the two haploid micronuclei in Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of sleeping sickness, is a: -Decomposers are all prokaryotes. Why was this particular fossil significant? undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, of which three Chlorarachniophyte plastids are bounded by four layers of membrane and have nucleomorphs which are thought to be the remnants of the algal nucleus. C. because they must await a chemical signal from a fish before This means that protists: haptophyte contaminated water, Knowledge of a pathogen's genome is useful because: A. The process by which the major land masses have shifted their positions, changed shapes and separated from each other, is known as. Which of the following are NOT capabilities of any known bacterium? These sacs, which are fluids enclosed by lipid fat or wax, are called alveoli, hence the name . D. mutualism E. Alveolata, Plants share a most recent common ancestor with what group of protists? Many stramenopiles also have an additional flagellum that lacks hair-like projections. D. No movement because the cell synthesizes its own food A. Eukaryotic flagella have microtubules in a cytoskeleton whereas prokaryotic ones do not. 1980. You are studying the bacteria in the water of a nearby pond. These protists are informally known as: C. The zygote undergoes meiosis and produces many heat-resistant spores that increase the population size and aid in dispersal. A host cell Phaeophyta(brown algae): This is a large (1,500-2,000 spp.) -single dormant cells with thick and protective cell walls macronucleosis B. micronucleosis C. conjugation B. Spirochaetes They are generally unified by the possession of two unequal flagella, one with tripartite tubular hairs, and have been shown to form a monophyletic group in many molecular phylogenetic analyses. conjugation The macronucleus divides into two with each new cell receiving an identical macronucleus. A. that all protists are of the same lineage D. anaerobic, heterotrophic, eukaryotic. Apicomplexans have complex life cycles that can include asexual and sexual stages and host switching. B. botulism D. tetanus Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Sponges (phylum: Porifera) are animals that possess feeding cells called collar cells. D. a rare, desert-dwelling lizard. Brown algae appear deep brown to brownish green due to the presence of the xanthophyll pigment fucoxanthin. disk-shaped mitochondrial cristae B. kinetoplasts C. Golden (also called golden-brown) algae possess darker fucoxanthin pigments, while the yellow-green algae possess other, more yellowish xanthophyll pigments. There are about 4,000 described species. A. oxygen cycle C. a gametic life cycle D. a zygotic life Strikingly, Telonemia exhibit a unique combination of cellular structures that have only been found separately in different groups of SAR as well as some other eukaryotic lineages such as . E. A host cell without plastids ingests a prokaryotic cell. [19], Most stramenopiles have two flagella near the apex. Your email address will not be published. The early Earth reducing atmosphere is thought to have lacked which of the following gases? A. Rickettsia rickettsii; A unicellular intracellular pathogen that infects warm-blooded animals, including humans, causing Rocky Mountain spotted fever. conditions. D. methanogen They joined other heterotrophic protists, such as bicosoecids, labyrinthulids, and oomycete fungi, that were included by some as heterokonts and excluded by others. A. A.bacteria B. algae C. D. heterotrophs found in marine environments. For example, their cell walls may be composed of cellulose, or they may be amoeboid or covered with overlapping siliceous or calcareous scales. These hairs usually occur on the flagella. 1. one strain was toxic and the other was not Most feed by filose pseudopodia. Members of the Nostoc genus have large numbers of thylakoid membranes, and many have gas vesicles. A. ancient bacteria undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid micronuclei, of which three Most stramenopiles are single-celled, but some are multicellular algae including some large seaweeds, the brown algae. The macronucleus divides into two with each new cell receiving an allows scientists to cause mutations in the DNA thereby killing the Amoebozoa This means: cyanobacteria [18] The proteins that code for the mastigonemes appear to be exclusive to the stramenopile clade, and are present even in taxa (such as diatoms) that no longer have such hairs. attack fish which it then consumes. A. locomotion via pseudopodia What is the phylum Euglenozoa? disintegrate, (3) the remaining micronucleus undergoes mitosis to This clade has a complex history of classification and evolutionary relationships still remain a matter of study and debate. David. E. none of the other options presented, The surface of the cells of some Pseudomonas species are covered in numerous threadlike structures. B. the absorption of RNA from prokaryotic cells. The anterior flagellum (usually) has one or two rows of glycoprotein appendages calledmastigonemes. Their life cycles are poorly understood. What term describes the time it requires for exactly one-half of a given amount of a radioactive isotope of an element to decay? A. Akinetes are whole cells filled with food, whereas endospores are bodies produced inside of cells. The most famous example isPhytophthora infestans,the cause of potato blight. This process is called E. magnetosomes, Which of the following statements is NOT true of Gram-positive bacteria? true mitochondria. (1) C. It has hydrogenosomes. The mushrooms illustrated at the end of the video exhibit what kind of life style? Archaeplastida is more general in including the red algae and the glaucophytes. - Chlamydomonas reinhardtii Stramenopiles are category of organisms made up of cells with a particular form of chlorophyll. produce two, (4) of which one stays in the parent cell and the other zygote -plastids acquired through tertiary endosymbiosis The C. Rhizaria At death, the frustules of marine diatoms sink to the sea bottom and contribute to the siliceous ooze on the seafloor. slime molds water D. propel the organism and collect food E. propel green algae, Protists are NOT monophyletic. D. moderate temperature The A. yellow D. a symbiotic relationship between an archaeon and a bacterium. Supergroup SAR - Background Reading - BIOL 1625 sporophyte This is the organism that decimated potato crops in Ireland in the late 1840s causing the great potato famine in which over a million died of starvation and another million emigrated. 3. neither was toxic D. It has E. flagellates, Which protist would most likely be phytoplankton? B. ester linkages A. Ciliates B. Rhodophyta C . cysts, In the Plasmodium life cycle, which stage is produced in the mosquito host and injected into humans during mosquito feeding? It attacks the human genitourinary tract. There is an alternation of generations. Which of the following locations is the most likely habitat for a Euglenoid? B. Directional movement toward the food particle using a gliding motion Which of the following statements does NOT describe a function of the cell walls of bacteria? organisms C. that all protists are not more closely related to They are heterotrophic, but may contain unicellular algal endosymbionts (green algae, red algae, chrysophytes, diatoms, or dinoflagellates). bottom until stimulated by chemicals from fish. An elephant that died at the edge of a waterhole. C. blue-green The unifying feature of this group is the presence of a textured, or "hairy," flagellum. The adaptive significance of sexual reproduction is that it: C. 17 A.; Issi, I. V.; Michaelevich, B. I.; Podlipaev, S. A.; Reshetnyak, V. V.; Seravin, L. N.; et al. C. Their negative effects would be increased because it will cause them to produce mucilage, allowing them to stick to teeth.
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